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TransitiontotheModernAge 1455 1688 TheWarsofRose ThenameWarsoftheRoseswasrefertothebattlesbetweentheHouseofLancaster symbolizedbythereadrose andthatofYork symbolizedbythewhite from1455to1485 HenryTudor descendantofDukeofLancasterwonvictoryatBosworthFireldin1485andputhtcountryundertheruleoftheTudors FromtheseWars Englishfeudalismreceiveditsdeathblow Thegreatmedievalnobilitywasmuchweakened II TheEnglishReformation adesireforchangeandreforminthechurchhadbeengrowingformanyyearsandnow encouragedbythesuccessofMartinLuther manypeoplebelieveditstimehadcome ThereformbeganasastruggleforadivorceandendedinfreedomfromthePapacy HenryVIIIwantedtodivorceCatherineofAragonbutthePoperefused Henry sreformswastogetridoftheEnglishChurch sconnectionwiththePope andtomakeanindependentChurchofEngland HemadethisbreakwithRomegraduallybetween1529and1534 HedissolvedallofEngland smonasteriesandnunneriesbecausetheyweremoreloyaltothePopethantotheirEnglishkings ThelawssuchastheActofsuccessionof1534andtheActofSupremacyof1535madehisreformpossible HeestablishedthechurchofEnglandasthenationalchurchofthecountry andhemadehimselfthesupremeheadofthechurchofEngland HisattackonthePope spowerencouragedmanycriticsofabusesoftheCatholicChurch EnglandwasmovingawayformCatholicismtowardsprotestantism TheProtestantReformation BackgroundSocialandPoliticalFactors Europeandecentralization riseofnation states BreakdownofmedievalcentralizationunderPope BreakdownofsocietybecauseofBlackDeath HundredYears War etc Renaissance Interestinhumanismandrediscoveryofancientculture WeaknessesinCatholicChurch AdministrativeDivisions CompetingPopes Avignon Romeandmore ProliferationofQuestionableReligiousRitualsandPracticesPilgrimages saintworship endowmentofmasses CorruptionandAbusesofPowerinChurch SaleofIndulgences certificatesofremissionfrompurgatory andotherformsofforgiveness Simony sellingofchurchoffices TheFatherofReformationMartinLutherstartedthechallengetotheRomanChurchwithhispostingofhisNinety fivethesesontheWittenbergChurchdooron31stOctober1517 Thatdocumentcontainedanattackonpapalabusesandthesaleofindulgencesbychurchofficials MartinLutherdefendedthecoreoftheGospel whichseesChristasthesolemediatorbetweenGodandmanandthatforgivenessofsinandsalvationarebyGod sGracealoneandarereceivedbyfaithaloneonthepartofman Luther sdoctrinesonjustificationbyfaithandthefinalauthorityoftheBibleareadoptedbyallProtestantdenominationsacrossallcontinents Luther smovementiscarriedonbyJohnCalvininGenevain1536 GenevaisknownasthebirthplaceoftheCalvinistReformation andissometimescalledthe ProtestantRome Catholicism protestantism II TheIndustrialRevolution 1780 1830 Britainwasthefirstcountrytoindustrializebecauseofthefollowingfactors 1 Favourablegeopraphicallocation BritainwaswellplacedgeographicallytoparticipateinEuropeanandworldtrade 2 Politicalstability Britainhadapeacefulsociety which afterthe17thcentury wasincreasinglyinterestedinoverseastradeandcolonies Internationaltradebroughtwealthtomerchantsandcitybankers Theyandthosewhohaddonewelloutofnewfarmingmethodsprovidedcapitalinlargequantitiesforindustralization 3 Goodfoundationineconomy ThelimitedmonarchywhichresultedfromtheGloriousRevolutionof1688ensuredthatthepowerfuleconomicinterestsinthecommunitycouldexerttheirinfluenceoverGovernmentpolicy 4 Itwasacountryinwhichthemaintownswerenevertoofarfromseaports orfromrivers whichcoulddistributetheirproducts 5 Britainhadmanyrivers whichwereusefulfortransportbutalsoforwaterandsteampower Britainalsohadusefulmineralresources 6 Britishengineershadsoundtrainingascraftsmen 7 Theinventorswererespected Theysolvedpracticalproblems 8 Probablylaissezfaireand Protestantworkethic helped 9 England Scotland andWalesformedacustomsunionafter1707andthisincludedIrelandafter1807 Sothenationalmarketwasnothinderedbyinternalcustomsbarriers 10 Theenclosuresandotherimprovementsinagriculturemadetheircontributionsbyprovidingfoodfortherisingpopulation labourforthefactories andsomeoftherawmaterialsneededbyindustry TypicalexamplesoftheinventionsduringtheIndustrialRevolution 1 JohnKay sflyingshuttlein1733 2 JamesHargreaves SpinningJennyin1766 3 RichardArkwright swaterframein1769 4 SamuelCrompton smulein1779 5 EdmundCartwright spowerloomin1784 6 JamesWatt ssteamenginein1765 ConsequencesoftheindustrialRevolution 1 Britainwasby1830the workshopoftheworld 2 Townsgrewrapidlyandbecamethesourceofthenation swealth 3 Theindustrialrevolutioncreatedtheindustrialworkingclass theproletariat anditlaterledtotradeunionism ColonialExpansion 1 ThegrowthofdominionsEnglishcolonialexpansionbeganwiththecolonizationofNewfoundlandin1583 EncouragedbyBritain scontroloftheseas especiallybytherisingtideofemigration BritishcolonialistssteppeduptheirexpansiontoCanada Australia andNewZealand inthelate18thandtheearly19thcenturies By1900 Britainhadbuiltupabigempire onwhichthesunneverset Itconsistedofavastnumberofprotectorates Crowncolonies spheresofinfluence andself governingdominions Itincluded25 oftheworld spopulationandarea CanadawascededtoBritainbythe1763TreatyofParis FrenchrightswereguaranteedbytheQuebecActof1774 TheCanadaActof1791dividedCanadaintoUpperCanadawheretheBritishhadsettled andLowerCanadapopulatedbytheFrench TheBritishNorthAmericaActof1867establishedCanadaasadominion EnglishbegantotransportconvictstoAustraliain1788 Freesettlementbeganin1816 andnoconvictsweresenttoAustraliaafter1840 Thegoldrushes 1851 1892 broughtmorepeopletoAustralia andin1901thesixself governingwerunitedinonedominion theindependentCommonwealthofAustralia NewZealandbecameaseparatecolonyofBritainin1841 achievedself governmentin1857 becameadominionu

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