高考英语一轮复习 语法点专题讲解 定语从句.doc

定语从句. 定语从句的特点 定语从句修饰前面的名词或代词，它由“关系代词或副词从句”构成，它所修饰的名词或代词称作先行词。定语从句通常置于先行词之后。例如： my brother works in the factory which is not far from your house. 注意：关系代词或副词在定语从句中，一定充当一个成分。. 用于限定性定语从句的关系代词who, whom, which, that, whose等关系代词在定语从句中所指对象是人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语、介词宾语或定语。它们的形式变化如下：指 代 对 象人事 物人 + 事物主 格who/thatwhich/thatthat宾 格who(m)/thatwhich/thatthat所有格whosewhose/of which. who, whom, that代表人a. who, that作主格，不能省略。例如： the man who/that spoke at the meeting this morning is a famous lawyer. 作主格时，who较that更常用。b. who, whom, that,作动词的宾语。口语中常用who或that代替whom。经常可以省略。例如：the girl who(m)/that you saw just now is jane.the girl you saw just now is jane.c. 当先行词是all, nobody, no one, somebody, someone, anybody等词或者名词有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时，指人时who和that都可以用。例如：all who/that heard the news were excited.d. 介词 + whom引导 定语从句时，whom不能由who或that代替,也不能省略。例如：i dont know the person to whom you talked.但在口语中，通常把介词放在从句后面。此时，可以用who或that代替whom; 经常省略关系代词。例如：i dont know the man (who/that) you talked to.the hero (who/that) you often hear of will come to our school tomorrow. which, that代表事物a. which, that作主格。不能省略。例如： this is the book which/that was written in easy english by our english teacher.b. which/that作动词的宾语可以省略。例如：the picture (which/that) he drew in the 1980s are on show.c. 介词 which 从句 1) 此结构中，which不能用that代替，也不能省略。但是口语中，当介词放在从句后 面时，可that代替which，也可省略。如： the chair on which she is sitting is made of plastics. the chair (which/that) she is sitting on is made of plastics.2) 可用when代替表示时间的at/in which: ill always remember the day on which/when i visited professor wang. 3) 可用where代替表示地点的at/in which: i havent ever been to the house in which/where my uncle lives.4) 可用why表示原因的for which: the reason for which/why he refused to go the party was that they had not invited him to.d. 当先行词是all, much, little, everything, none或是由no构成的词组时，通常用that,很少用which。例如：all the oranges that she brought me were eaten by my little brother. whose用作所有格a. whose指人，表示所修饰的“某（些）人的”：i dont want to hire the boy whose father is now in prison.once there was a wise king whose name was alfred.b. whose也指事物，表示所修饰的“某物的”：look at the house whose roof is red.用于这中场合的“whose 从句”结构常可以用“of which + 从句”或“of which从句”或“with 短语”代替。例如：look at the house, the roof of which is red.look at the house, of which the roof is red.look at the house with a red roof. 通常只用who代表人的场合1) 当先行词是one, ones, anyone,或those等： anyone who does that must be mad. those who are to break the law will be punished.2) 在there be结构中可用that, 但who较多用。 there is a young man who/that wants to see you.3) 当先行词是人而后面有较长的修饰语时： i met a friend of mine in the park yesterday who had got three gold medals in the asian games.4) 为了避免重复或引起歧义： the man that spoke at the meeting is our new headmaster who has just come from shanghai.5) 当先行词是、 i, you, he, they等时（常用语谚语中） he who plays with fire gets burned. (玩火者必自焚). 通常只用that的场合 1) 当先行词是人事物时 they talked about the persons and things that they had visited.2) 当the形容词最高级/last/next/only/very （名词）作先行词时： this is the best film that i have ever seen. that is the very film that i want to see.3) 当先行词中含有序数词时： this is the first letter that i have received from her since she left.4) 当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时： china is not the country that it used to be. 5) 当先行词是anything/something/nothing/everything等不定代词时，经常用that: ill tell you everything that i know about the meeting. 6) 为了避免重复： which is the car that hit the boy? who was the man that she danced with?7) 当先行词是疑问代词who时： who that has such a house does not love it?.关系代词which的其它用法1) 代表主句中谓语的整个概念： he can write a letter in english, which i cannot do.2) 代表整个主句： i said nothing, which made him still angrier.3) 当先行词本身是that，表示事物时，关系代词通常用which：he has found that which he was looking for. when, where, why作关系副词a. when代替at/in/on/during which, 在定语从句中作状语。如：tell me the time when (= at which) the train leaves.july, when (= in which) we can go home for a rest, is coming soon.i will never forget the day when (= on which) i reached the top of the huangshan mountain.you will have some spare time when (= during which) you can learn french at home.有时候when可以用that代替或省略，如：i know the time when/that john left. 或 i know the time john left.注意：当表示时间的先行词time, morning, afternoon, day, night, moment, childhood等充当从句的主语、动词或介词的宾语时，不能够when。如：his uncle is going to beijing in october, which is the best season there. (这里的which指october, 作主语)i will never forget the days that/which i spent with your family.(which指days,作宾语)在 it is the first/last time that句型中，that是习惯用法，不能用when替代。如：it is the first time that i have been to the great wall.b. where代替at/in/to which, 在定语从句中作地点状语。例如：this is the school where (= at which) i used to study.what is the name of the town where (= in which) we stayed last night?think of a place where (= to which) we can go for dinner.在口语中偶尔用that代替where, 如：this is the very spot where/that the accident happened.c. where有时作关系代词，经常用在from where 从句之中。例如：his head soon appeared out of the window from where/which he could see nothing but trees.注意：where不能用作从句的主语或动词的宾语。例如：the museum which/that we visited yesterday has a history of 200 years.(不能说 * the museum where we visited yesterday has a history of 200 years.)请注意观察和比较以下两例中的关系词：the museum where /in which he works has a long history.the museum (which/that) he visited has a long history.d. why代替for which用作reason的定语从句。如：i dont know the reason why (= for which) he left here.同样在口语中, why可以省略。thats the reason (why) he left home.注意观察下例：the reason why his sister is late is that his husband is dangerously ill in hospital.句中why不用that代替，以避免重复；that不能够用because或why代替，陈述主语reason的表语从句只用that引导，that不作从句的某一成分，试比较：i didnt know the reason why he was late.the reason why he was late was that his wife was ill.his wife was very ill. thats why he was late.its because his wife was ill in bed.e. in/by which或that用在the way之后，在定语从句中作方式状语，例如：i admired the way (in which/that) you answered his question.this is the way (by which/that) we came last time.非限定性定语从句a. 与限定性定语从句的区别限定性定语从句不能用逗号与主句隔开，它限制所修饰的先行词的意义；非限定性定语从句前面需用逗号与主句分开，它只是先行词的附加说明，省去后不会影响主句的意思。例如： my brother who lives in new york has six children. 我住在纽约的那个兄弟有六个孩子。（不止一个兄弟） my brother, who lives in new york, has six children.我的兄弟有六个孩子，他住在纽约。（只有这一个兄弟）由以上例句可见：非限定性定语从句表达的意义含“唯一性”，翻译时通常译成一个并列句，其形式往往可用and替换。又如：i met a boatman, who (= and he) took me across the river.they will fly to kunming, where (= and there) they will stay for several days.b. 非限定性定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的用法1) 在任何情况下都不能省略；2) who（主格），whom （宾格），which（主、宾格）不能用that代替，也不能互相替换；3) 介词 which/whom 从句结构中，介词不能移到从句的后面；4) when, where可用于非限定性定语从句。.关系代词作主语时数的判定a. who, which, that本身并没有数和性的变化，它们的数和性应以先行词的数和性而定，从句中的动词谓语形式应与其数保持一致。例如：i talked with the boy who swims the fastest in your school. (注意： the boy who swims)all the boys who are now swimming in the river are from wuhan, (注意： the boys who are now swimming)b. one of 和the one/the only one of 1) he is one of the teachers who know english well.2) he is the only one of the teachers who knows english well. 句1中who指the teachers,作复数，意指：精通英语的教师之一；句2中who指the only one, 作单数，意指：教师中唯一精通英语的。c. 根据具体情况而定。例如：1) please look at the woman with two children who is sitting under the tree.2) please look at the woman with two children who are playing under the tree.句1中who代表the woman:那位带着两个孩子坐在数下树下的妇女；句2中的who代表two children:那位带着两个在树下玩的孩子的妇女. as作关系代词a. as代表整个主句或主句中的某一成分，常可用which取代。例如：she is very careful, as (= which) her work shows.it is like a snake, as (= which) anybody can see.但要注意，当as从句位于句首时，as不能用which取代。例如：as she had hoped, he saw the play.b. 使用as的几个惯用结构1) the same as; they are studying the same subject as we are.2) such as; the book is not such as i expect.3) such as; such books as this are too difficult to beginners.4) as many as; he had as many books on physics as i had.5) as much as; there is a plenty of hot water. you can use as much as you need.6) as as; i ran as fast as i could.7) not so/as as; he is not so strong as he used to be.c. 一些使用as的惯用语1) as any body can see (正如人人都能看到的那样)2) as we all know (正如我们大家所知道的那样)3) as is well-known (众所周知)4) as we had expected (正如我们所预料的那样)5) as often happens (正如经常发生的那样)6) as has been said before (如上所述)d. the same as和the same that the same as指 “同类”；the same that指 “同一样”。试比较：1) this is the same bag as i lost yesterday.2) this is the same bag that i lost yesterday.句1：与我昨天丢的包是同样的；句2；就是我昨天丢的那个包（= this is the very bag that i lost yesterday.）xiii. but作关系代词 but有时用在否定结构后，相当于who/that not的意思。例如： in china there is no one but knows lei feng. (= there is no one who does not know lei feng.) there is no rule but has some exceptions. (= there is no rule that does not have some exceptions.)巩固训练单项选择：1. the swede did not understand the questions _ were asked in french.a. whereb. whoc. in whichd. which2. when you read the book, youd better make a mark _ you have any questions.a. at whichb. at wherec. the place whered. where3. finally, the thief handed everything_ he had stolen to the police.a. afterb. whatc. whateverd. that4. was it in this palace _ the last emperor died?a. thatb. in whichc. in whered. which5. that dinner was the most expensive meal we _.a. would haveb. have hadc. had never hadd. had ever ha6. his parents wouldnt let him marry anyone _ family was poor.a. of whomb. whomc. of whosed. whose7. all _ is needed is a supply of oil.a. the thingb. thatc. whatd. which8. he paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.a. theseb. thosec. thatd. which9. did you show them around the room _ premier zhou once worked and lived?a. whatb. whenc. whered. which10. the mountain village _ you visited twenty years ago has developed into a big town.a. whatb. wherec. in whichd. that11. my grandma liked to live in a room _ window opens to the south.a. thatb. wherec. whichd. whose12. she heard a terrible noise, _ brought her heart into her mouth.a. itb. whichc. thisd. that13. my brother, _ you met last night, is a pla man.a. thatb. whichc. whod. whom14. i shall be surprised if he does this the same way _i do.a. asb. likec. whichd. what15. dont talk about such things _ you do not understand.a. thatb. whichc. asd. those16. he _ does not reach the great wall is not a true man.a. whob. thatc. whichd. those17. i dont think its a good way _ he chose to the small village.a. whichb. on whichc. in whichd. by which18. who is it _ came to visit your father last sunday?a. whob. whichc. thatd. he19. he was born in the united states in 1980, _ , seven years later, he began his school.a. whereb . whenc. thered. which20. this is the same book _ i lost last week. could you please give it back to me?a. asb . thatc. whichd. whatkey: 1-10. dddad dbdcd 11-20. dbdac aacab多项选择1. robinson has become a policeman _ i very much want to be. a. whob. thatc. 不填d. whom2. there is a famous man _ lives in this town.a. whob. thatc. 不填d. whom3. is this village _ you have ever visited?a. thatb. whichc. the oned. the one that4. do you remember the man and the place