高考英语一轮复习 语法点专题讲解 时态和语态.docVIP

时态和语态一. 动词的时态时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语动词有16种时态，但是常用的只有9种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去将来时，现在完成进行时。下面分别进行介绍。1. 一般现在时的用法1) 表示经常性，习惯性的动作；表示现在的状态、特征或真理而不表示具体的特定行为。句子中常用often，usually，every day等时间状语。例如：he goes to school every day。（经常性动作）he is very happy.（现在的状态）the earth moves around the sun.真理 2) 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时态的形式表示将来。if you come this afternoon，well have a meeting.when i graduate，ill go to the countryside.3) 有时这个时态表示按计划，规定要发生的动作，（句中都带有时间状语）但限于少数动词如begin，come，leave，go，arrive, start，stop，return，open，close等。 the meeting begins at seven. the train starts at nine in the morning 4) 表示状态和感觉的动词，如be，like，hatethink, remember, find，sound等常用一般现在时。例如：i like english very much.the story sounds very interesting.5) 书报的标题。小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。2. 一般过去时的用法1) 表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作。he saw mr. wang yesterday. he worked in a factory in 1988.2) 表示过去经常发生的动作，也可用“used to”和“would动词原形”。例如： i used to smoke. during the vacation i would swim in the sea注意：used to表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。另外“to be used to名词（动名词）”表示“习惯于。例如： i am used to the climate here he is used to swimming in winter. 3. 一般将来时的用法一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态。其表达形式除了“will或shall + 动词原形”外，还有以下几种形式。1) “to be going to动词原形”，表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。例如： it is going to rain. we are going to have a meeting today. 2) go, come, start, move, leave, arrive, stay等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作。im leaving for beijing.next week im staying in the country for days.3) “be to + 动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见。are we to go on with this work ?the boy is to go to school tomorrow.4) “be about to动词原形” 表示即刻发生的动作，意为：be ready to do sth后面一般不跟时间状语。例如： we are about to leave.im about to start out.5) 某些词，如come，go，leave，arrive，start，get，stay等的一般现在时也可表示将来。 the meeting starts at five oclockhe gets off at the next stop. 4. 现在进行时1) 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，由“to be 现在分词”构成，另外“系动词十介词或副词”也表示进行时的意义。例如： what are you doing?the bridge is under construction.2) 表示感觉，愿望和状态的某些动词如：have, be, hear, see, like等词一般不用进行时。3) 非持续性动词一般不用进行时态，但当用于进行时态时所表达的意义是：a) 逐渐地。 b) 反复进行的动作。例如：a) im beginning to understand it. (我慢慢开始明白了。)b) the monkey is jumping up and down there. (那只猴子在那一直上上下下跳个不停。)4) 有的句子用一般现在时态和进行时态均可，但用进行时态往往带有感情色彩。比较：the changjiang river flows to the east. (长江向东流。 客观现实)the changjiang river is flowing to the east. (长江滚滚东流。 赞叹)tom often lies to our teachers. (“汤姆经常对老师撒谎。”表汤姆的习惯)tom is always lying to our teacher. (“汤姆老是对老师撒谎。”表说话者厌恶的态度)5. 过去进行时的用法1) 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作，由“was（were）十 现在分词”构成。例如： in 1980 he was studying in a university. he was reading a novel when i came in. 2) 用一般过去时态和过去进行时态有行为完成与否的差别。比较：yesterday my sister wrote a letter. (写了一封信)yesterday my sister was writing a letter. (这封信或许还没有写完)6. 现在完成时的用法现在完成时由“have过去分词”构成。其使用有两种情况：1) 现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成，而对现在有影响。句中没有具体时间状语。 he has gone to wuhan.（说话人认为他不在该地） he has been to wuhan.（说话人认为他在该地）2) 现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去。常用for和since表示一段时间的状语或so far，now，today，this week（month，year）等表示包括现在时间在内的状语。例如： he has studied english for 5 years. he has studied english since 1985. now i have finished the work 注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如：come，go，die，marry，buy等的完成时不能与for，since等表示一段时间的词连用。3) 现在完成时还可用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作。例如：ill go to your home when i have finished my homework. if it has stopped snowing in the morning，well go to the park7. 过去完成时的用法1) 过去完成时由“had过去分词”构成。过去完成时的动词表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作状态。句中常用by，before，until，when等词引导的时间状语。例如： by the end of last year we had bui1t five new houses. i had learnt 5000 words before i entered the university.2) 过去完成时的动词还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去。例如： before he slept，he had worked for 12 hours.8. 过去将来时的用法过去将来时表示从过去的某时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时由“should或would + 动词原形”构成。第一人称用should，其他人称用would。例如：they were sure that they would succeed.9. 现在完成进行时的用法现在完成进行时由“have（has）+ been现在分词”构成，表示现在以前一直在进行的动作。有些词，如work，study，live，teach等用现在完成进行时与用现在完成时意思差不多。例如： i have worked here for three years. i have been working here for three years. 但多数动词在这两种时态中表示不同意思。例如：i have written a letter（己写完）i have been wring a letter.（还在写） 注意：表示短暂动作的动词，如finish，marry，get up，come，go等不能用这种时态。 二. 动词的语态1. 当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式叫主动语态。当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态。被动语态由助动词be过去分词构成，时态通过be表现出来。例如：1) 一般现在时：you are required to do this2) 一般过去时：the story was told by her.3) 般将来时：the problem will be discussed tomorrow4) 现在进行时：the road is being widened.5) 过去进行时：the new tool was being made.6) 现在完成时：the novel has been read.7) 过去完成时：he said that the work had been finished8) 过去将来时：he said that the trees would be planted soon.2. 一些特殊的被动语态结构：1) 带情态动词的被动结构：the problem must be solved soon.2) 带不定式的被动结构： the room is going to be painted. the homework needs to be done with care3) 短语动词的被动结构： 例l）the baby is looked after carefully用于这类被动结构的短语动词要把它们作为整体看待，即要把它们看作单字及物动词。这类结构有以下几种：a) （不及物）动词介词：agree to，ask for，call for，laugh at，listen to，look after，operate on，send for，talk aboutthink of等。b) （及物）动词副词：bring about，carry out，find out，give up，hand in， make out， pass on， point out， put away， put off， take up, think over，turn down，turn out，wipe out，work out等。 c) 动词副词介词：do away with，face up to，give in to，look down upon, make up for, put up with等。例）they will be taken (good) care of.attention must be paid to your pronunciation.用于这类被动结构的短语动词最多见的是“动词名词介词”这一结构。如：catch sight of，keep an eye on，make use of，make a fool of，pay attention to， put an end to，set fire / light to， take care of, take hold of，take notice of等。例2) 与例1) 的不同点在于，它们用于被动态时能有两种形式。第一种形式是把“动词十名词介词”作为整体看待。第二种形式是把其中的“动词名词”作为“动词宾语”的结构处理。4) 带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改成主语，宾语补足语保留在谓语后面。例如： we always keep the classroom clean (比较：the classroom is always kept clean.）5) 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示，例如： 据说 it is said that 希望 it is hoped that 据推测说it is supposed that 必须承认 it must be admitted that 必须指出 it must be pointed out that 众所周知 it is well known that 有人会说 it will be said that大家认为 it is generally considered that 有人相信 it is believed that3. 表示被动含义的主动动词1) 系动词没有被动形式,但有些系动词常表示被动意义。常见的有look, taste, sound, smell, prove, feel等, 例如:your reason sounds reasonable.good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth.2) 一些与cant或wont连用的动词。 常用的有: lock, shut, open, act等, 例如:the door wont open.it cant move.3) 一些与well, easily, perfectly等连用的动词, 如: sell, wash, clean, burn, cook等, 例如:the book sells well.these clothes wash easily.4) 用在 “主语 + 不及物动词 + 主语补语” 句型中的一些不及物动词, 例如:this material has worn thin.the dust has blown into the house.4. 表示被动含义的主动结构1) 在动名词结构中be worth, want (=need), need, require后所用的动名词, 必须用主动结构表被动意义。these young seedlings will require / need looking after (= need to be looked after) carefully.your hair wants / needs cutting (needs to be cut).2) 在不定式结构中a) 作定语:不定式结构常表示动宾关系, 即用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这种情形最常出现在 “there + be + 主语 + 修饰主语的不定式” 和 “及物动词 + 宾语 (或双宾语) + 修饰宾语的不定式” 结构中, 特别是 “主语 + have + 宾语 + 修饰宾语的不定式” 结构中。give him some books to read.he has a family to support. there is a lot of work to do.当然, 这里的不定式在个别情形下也可用被动形式, 含义区别不大,例如:there is so much work to do / to be done.give me the names of the people to contact / to be contacted.b) 在“主语 + be + 形容词 + 不定式”句型中, 有时主语是不定式结构的逻辑宾语, 这是应用主动形式表示被动含义。适合于此结构的形容词比较多, 最常用的有amusing, cheap, dangerous, difficult, easy, important, nice, pleasant等, 例如:that question is difficult to answer.chickens legs are nice to eat.c) 在be to结构中的一些不定式:这种结构中的不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响, 下列动词仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义:who is to blame for starting the fire？ the house is to let. a lot remains to do.3) 在特殊结构中a) “be + under +名词” 结构:这种结构表示某事 “在进行中”。例如:the building is under construction.the whole matter is under discussion (= is being discussed).经常这样用的名词还有repair (修理), treatment (治疗), question (质问)等。b) “be worthy of +名词”结构: 在这一结构中, 名词和句子的主语有被动含义, 如:a man worthy of supportnothing worthy of praise此结构后通常用表示行为的名词, 而不用动名词的被动形式。巩固训练【历届高考题选】1. my aunt _ to see us. shell be here soon.a. comesb. is comingc. had comed. has come2. when i got to the top of the mountain, the sun _ .a. was shiningb. shonec. has shoned. will shine3. i _ xiao li since she was a little girl.a. knewb. knowc. have knownd. am knowing4. i _ you were here.a. dont knowb. not knowc. didnt knowd. wasnt know5. because of my poor english, im afraid i cant make myself _. a. understandb. to understandc. understandingd. understood6. tom _ a letter to his parents last night.a. writesb. wrotec. writed. has written7. i _ my homework now.a. finishb. finishedc. have finishedd. had finished8. you may leave the classroom when you _ writing.a. will finishb. are finishedc. have finishedd. had finished9. they havent see each other _ at least three months.a. sinceb. duringc. ford. in10. the foreign guests _ here almost a week. a. have arrivedb. have beenc. have reachedd. have got11. he suddenly remembered that he _ his key at home.a. had forgottenb. has leftc. has forgottend. had left12. he was made _.a. gob. gonec. goingd. to go13. by 11 oclock yesterday, we _ at the airport.a. had arrivedb. have arrivedc. shall arrived. arrive14. he was too excited _. a. speakb. to speakc. not to speakd. speaking15. he often _ to see his grandfather. a. goingb. to goc. has goned. goes16. lets get in the wheat before the sun _. a. will setb. was setc. setd. sets17. coal can _ to produce electricity for agriculture and industry. a. have usedb. be usedc. used. used18. i _ english for five years now. a. was studyingb. have been studyingc. studiedd. am studied19. he often _ his clothes on sunday. a. washingb. washesc. has washedd. wash20. i _ at the station last night.a. gotb. arrivesc. arrivedd. reach21. we will start as soon as our team leader _.a. comesb. will comec. comed. is coming22. you can see the house _ for years.a. isnt paintedb. hasnt paintedc. hasnt been paintedd. hadnt painted23. it _ when they left the station.a. has rainedb. is rainingc. rainsd. was raining24. some new oilfields _ since 1976.a. were opened upb. has opened up c. have been opened upd. had been opened up25. the article _ chinese by comrade li.a. is going to translate intob. is going to be translated intoc. was going to be translated withd. will translate in26. by the time he was twelve, edison _ to make a living by himself.a. would beginb. has begunc. had begund. was begun27. ill begin the dictation when you _ ready.a. shall beb. will bec. ared. have been28. dont get off the bus until it _.a. has stoppedb. stoppedc. will stopd. shall stop29. “would you like to play chess with me?” “sorry, i have to finish my homework before my mother _ back.a. comesb. will comec. shall comed. has come30. the things talked about in this report _ over a year ago.a. had taken placeb. took placec. have taken placed. were taken place31. “why does lingling look so unhappy?” “she has _ by her classmates.”a. laughedb. laughed atc. been laughedd. been laughed at32. “will you go to the museum tomorrow?” “i will if i _ no visitors.”a. haveb. will havec. shall haved. am having33. ill go with you as soon as i _ my work.a. will finishb. shall finishc. finishd. finished34. this is a photo of the power station that _in my hometown.a. has set upb. has been set upc. was set upd. is set up35. both my brothers work at the power station that _in my hometown.a. has set upb. has been set upc. was set upd. is set up36. doctors _ in every part of the world.a. needb. are needingc. are neededd. will need37. great changes _ in the city, and a lot of factories _.a. have been taken place; have been set upb. have taken place; have been set upc. have taken place; have set upd. were taken place; were set up38. do you think sam will call his old teacher as soon as he _ in town? a. will be arrivedb. is arrivedc. arrivesd. will arrive39. i promise that the matter will _.a. be taken careb. be taken care ofc. take cared. take care of40. that dinner was the most expensive meal we _.a. would haveb. have hadc. had never hadd. had ever had41. he _ his leg when he _ in a football match against another school.a. broke; playedb. was breaking; was playingc. broke; was playingd. was breaking; played42. no permission has _ for anybody to enter the building.a. been givenb. givenc. to gived. be giving43. where _ the recorder? i cant see it anywhere. i _ it right here. but now its gone.a. did you put; have putb. have you put; putc. had you put; was puttingd. were putting; have put44. hello! i _ you _ in london. how long have you been here?a. dont know; wereb. hadnt known; arec. havent known; ared. didnt know; were45. when _again? when he _, ill let you know.a. he comes; comesb. will he come; will comec. he comes; will comed. will he come; comes46. they asked me to have a drink with them. i said that it was at least ten years since i _ a good drink.a. had enjoyedb. was enjoyingc. enjoyed d. had been enjoying47. that suit _ over 60 dollars.a. had costedb. costedc. is costedd. cost48. i _ ten minutes to decide whether i should reject the offer.a. gaveb. was givenc. was givingd. had given49. my brother _ while he _ his bicycle and hurt himself.a. fell; was ridingb. fell; were ridingc. had fallen; roded. had fallen; was riding50. tom was disappointed that most of the guests _ when he _ at the party.a. left; had arrivedb. left; arrivedc. had left; had arrivedd. had left; arrived51. the new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she _.a. will arriveb. arrivesc. is going to arrived. is arriving52. come on in, peter. i want to show you something. oh, how nice of you! i _ you _ to bring me a gift.a. never think; are goingb. never thought; were goingc. didnt think; were goingd. hadnt thought; were going53. the police found that house _ and a lot of things _.a. has broken into; has been stolenb. had broken into; had been stolenc. has been broken into; stolend. had been broken into; stolen54. when i was at college i _ three foreign languages, but i _ all except a few words of each.a. spoke; had forgottenb. spoke; have forgottenc. had spoken; had forgottend. had spoken; have forgotten55. have you moved into the new house? not yet, the room _.a. are being paintedb. are painting c. are painted d. are being painted56. the students _ busily when miss brown went to get a book she _ in the office.a. had written; leftb. were writing; has leftc. had written; had leftd. were writing; had left57. when jack arrived he learned mary _ for almost an hour.a. had goneb. had set offc. had leftd. had been away58. do you know our town at all? no, this is the first time i _ here.a. wasb. have beenc. camed. am coming59. we could have walked to the