黑龙江省铁力市2017高考英语一轮复习 暑假阅读理解选练（五）.doc

黑龙江铁力市2017高考英语暑假阅读理解选练（五）【2014新课标全国卷 】阅读理解bpassenger pigeons(旅鸽)once flew over much of the united states in unbelievable numbers.written accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries described flocks(群)so large that they darkened the sky for hours.it was calculated that when its population reached its highest point, there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeonsa number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the united states, making it perhaps the most abundant birds in the world.even as late as 1870 when their numbers had already become smaller, a flock believed to be 1 mile wide and 320 miles (about 515 kilometers) long was seen near cincinnati.sadly, the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their undoingwhere the birds were abundant, people believed there was an everlasting supply and killed them by the thousands.commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain, waited until pigeons had settled to feed, then threw large nets over them, taking hundreds at a time.the birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants.by the closing decades of the 19th century, the hardwood forests where passenger pigeons nested had been damaged by americans need for wood, which scattered(驱散)the flocks and forced the birds to go farther north, where cold temperatures and spring storms contributed to their decline.soon the great flocks were gone, never to be seen again.in 1897, the state of michigan passed a law prohibiting the killing of passenger pigeons, but by then, no sizable flocks had been seen in the state for 10 years.the last confirmed wild pigeon in the united states was shot by a boy in pike county, ohio, in 1900.for a time, a few birds survived under human care.the last of them, known affectionately as martha, died at the cincinnati zoological garden in september 1, 1914.【试题分析】据记载，在18世纪及19世纪，美国有大量的旅鸽。本文描述了这一期间旅鸽的生存状况。1. in the 18th and early 19th centuries, passenger pigeons_awere the biggest bird in the worldblived mainly in the south of americacdid great harm to the natural environmentdwere the largest population in the us解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第二句的信息可知，在18世纪及19世纪早期，美国旅鸽的数量很大。答案：d2. the underlined word “undoing” probably refers to the pigeons_aescape bruincliberation devolution解析：词义猜测题。根据第三段第二句中的“.people believed there was an everlasting supply and killed them by the thousands.”可知，人们认为旅鸽数量极大，因此大量捕杀它们，所以正是由于旅鸽数量大才导致它们被捕杀，故可推知该词的意思是“损坏，破坏”之意。答案：b3what was the main reason for people to kill passenger pigeons? ato seek pleasure. bto save other birds. cto make money. dto protect crops.解析：细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“the birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants.”可知，他们捕杀旅鸽的原因是为了赚钱。答案：c4. what can we infer about the law passed in michigan? ait was ignored by the public.bit was declared too late.cit was unfair.dit was strict.解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句可知，虽然密歇根州制定了法律，但是到那个时候，已经不能见到大量的旅鸽了，这说明法律制定及宣布得太迟。答案：b阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（a、b、c和d）中，选出最佳选项。(sensory evaluation of food) a polish proverb claims that fish, to taste right, should three timesin water, in butter and in wine. the early efforts of the basic scientists in the food industry were directed at improving the preparation, preservation, and distribution of safe and nutritious food. our memories of certain foodstuffs eaten during the world war ii suggest that, although these might have been safe and nutritious, they certainly did not taste right nor were they particularly appetizing in appearance or smell. this neglect of the sensory appeal of foods is happily becoming a thing of the past. bow, in the book “principles of sensory evaluation of food,” the authors hope that it will be useful to food technologists in industry and also to others engaged in research into problem of sensory evaluation of foods. an attempt has clearly been make to collect every possible piece of information, which might be useful, more than one thousand five hundred references being quoted. as a result, the book seems at first sight to be an exhaustive and critically useful review of the literature. this it certainly is, but this is by no means is its only achievement, for there are many suggestions for further lines of research, and the discursive passages are crisply provocative of new ideas and new ways of looking at established findings. of particular interest is the weight given to the psychological aspects of perception, both objectively and subjectively. the relation between stimuli and perception is well covered, and includes a valuable discussion of the uses and disadvantages of the weber fraction of differences. it is interesting to find that in spite of many attempts to separate and define the modalities of taste, nothing better has been achieved than the familiar classification into sweet, sour salty and bitter. nor is there as yet any clear-cut evidence of the physiological nature of the taste stimulus. with regard to smell, systems of classification are of little value because of the extraordinary sensitivity of the nose and because the response to the stimulus is so subjective. the authors suggest that a classification based on the size, shape and electronic status of the molecule involved merits further investigation, as does the theoretical proposition that weak physical binding of the stimulant molecule to he receptor site is a necessary part of the mechanism of stimulation. apart from taste and smell, there are many other components of perception of the sensations from food in the mouth. the basic modalities of pain, cold, warmth and touch, together with vibration sense, discrimination and localization may all play a part, as, of course, does auditory reception of bone-conducted vibratory stimuli from the teeth when eating crisp or crunchy foods. in this connection the authors rightly point out that this type of stimulus requires much more investigation, suggesting that a start might be made by using subjects afflicted with various forms of deafness. it is well-known that extraneous noise may alter discrimination, and the attention of the authors is directed to the work of prof. h. j. eysenck on the “stimulus hunger” of extroverts and the “stimulus avoidance” of introverts.1. the reviewer uses a polish proverb at the beginning of the article in order to a. introduce, in an interesting manner, the discussion of food. show the connection between food and nationality of food.c. indicate that there are various ways to prepare food.d. impress upon the reader the food value of fish.2. the reviewers appraisal of “principles of sensory evaluation of food” is one of a. mixed feelings. . indifferencec. high praise. d. faint praise.3. the writer of the article does not express the view, either directly or by implication, thata. sharply defined classifications of taste are needed. more research should be done regarding the molecular constituency of food.c. food values are objectively determined by an expert “smeller”.d. temperature is an important factor in the value of food.4. the authors of the book suggest the use of deaf subject becausea. deaf people are generally introversive. . the auditory sense is an important factor in food evaluation.c. they are more fastidious in their choice of foods.d. all types of subjects should be used.vocabulary1. preservation 保鲜，保存2. sensory appeal 感官的魅力3. be provocative of 脱颖而出4. exhaustive 详尽的，无遗漏的5. discursive 推论的6. be provocative of 引起争论/兴趣等的7. crisp 有力的，有劲的8. perception 感觉，知觉，直觉9. modality 方式 modality of taste （味）感觉到10. discrimination 鉴别力11. localization 地区性，定位12. merit 值得，有价值13. crunchy 嘎吱作响的14. extraneous 外部的15. extrovert 外向性格的人16. introvert 内项性格的人难句译注1. although these might have been safe and nutritious, they certainly did not taste right nor were they particularly appetizing in appearance or smell.结构简析 in appearance or smell 应译成：色或香。参考译文 虽然这些饭菜可能是安全又有营养，但是肯定味不正，特别是在色，香上难以增进食欲。2. this it certainly is, but this is by no means is its only achievement, for there are many suggestions for further lines of research, and the discursive passages are crisply provocative of new ideas and new ways of looking at established findings.结构简析 复合句。this 指前一句内容：书既详细又是对有关食品学的文字做了十分有用的评论。 be provocative of 引起争论或兴趣。参考译文 确实如此，可是这并不是书的唯一成就，因为书内有许多关于进一步研究范围的建议。推论性篇章及能令人非常感兴趣的看待现存成果的新观点和新方法。3. the relation between stimuli and perception is well covered, and includes a valuable discussion of the uses and disadvantages of the weber fraction of differences.weber fraction 为ernest heinrich weber所著，他生于1795年，死与1878，是德国生理学家。参考译文 书中详细论及刺激和感觉的关系。还包括了一篇很有价值的讨论文章：谈论威伯分数在评价差异上的缺点和实用性。写作方法和文章大意 这是一篇介绍“感官评价食品的原理“一书的序言。评者从书的读者对象，书的篇幅到内涵具体涉及片谈起，从主观到客观论证，采用例子和对比说明。第一段全面介绍，点出此书不同于过去的书。它们都把重点放在改善准备，保养和销售上。此书信息多，引证参考资料多，对今后研究有新建议； 对已有成果有新关点。第二段，从客观到主观的论述味觉，嗅觉并加以对比。第三段从众多其它感觉中，以听觉为重点论证。答案祥解1. a. 以有趣的方式开始介绍食品讨论。文章一开始，评者就用“波兰有一谚语说，鱼，要想品味正，应游泳三次在水里游，在油里游和在酒中游。”这是国外广告式论说文经常才用的一种写作方式。目的是吸引读者，激起他们想读下去的欲望，以达到推广作用。b. 表明食品和国籍的关系。 c. 表明有各种准备食品的方法。 d. 加深读者对鱼的价值的影响，三项都不对。2. c. 评价高。评论者当然对此书评价极高，这是序言的必然途径。贬的就是批评文章了。全篇文章也说明这点。3. c. 食品价值由专家的嗅觉客观决定。这和第二段后半段的内涵有联系。他说，味道可分甜，酸，咸辣，而味觉生理性却无明确无误的证据。“至于（嗅觉）闻，由于鼻子特别灵敏，对外界刺激的反映主观性强，所以任何分类体系均无价值。”作者建议以“大小，形状和涉及分子电子态为基础的分类值得进一步探讨研究，就像理论性前提一样。刺激物分子和受体之间弱的物理结合是刺激生理机能的必要组成部分。”这段文章谈到味觉，嗅觉但并没有直接或间接表达这种观点：食品的价值是通过专家的嗅觉客观判定。a. 需要明确无误的味觉分类。酸，咸，辣就是味觉的分类。 b. 有关食品分子构成进行更多研究。文内也讲到有关分子电子态应进一步研究。 d. 温度是食品评价中的一个因素。文内只在第三段提到了“除了味觉，嗅觉外，口中食品还有其他许多种感觉成分，基本为疼，冷，热，触碰以及震动感，鉴别力和地区性都可能起作用。“作者直接说明热是可能有作用的。4. b. 听觉在食品评价中是一个重要因素。这在第三段内提到。除了味觉和嗅觉外，口中食品还会产生许多其它感觉。基本可分为痛，冷，热，触碰以及震动感，鉴别力和地区性都可能起作用。就像在吃脆硬或嘎嘎作响的食品时，听觉接受了来自牙齿骨操纵的震动刺激。在这方面，作者真确指出这种刺激需进行更多探讨研究，建议运用受各种听不见痛苦折磨的 病人作起点研究。众所周知，外部的噪声会改变分辨力和注意力。“这说明b. 听觉在食品评价中起着重要作用。是对的。a. 聋子一般是内项的。 c. 他们在选择食品时很挑剔。 d. 各种物体都应当应用。都和本文无关。阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（a、b、c和d）中，选出最佳选项。the flag, the most common symbol of a nation in the modern world, is also one of the most ancient. with a clear symbolic meaning, the flag in the traditional form is still used today to mark buildings, ships and other vehicles related to a country.the national flag as we know it today is in no way a primitive artifact. it is, rather, the product of thousands of years development. historians believe that it had two major ancestors, of which the earlier served to show wind direction.early human beings used very fragile houses and boats. often strong winds would tear roofs from houses or cause high waves that endangered travelers. peoples food supplies were similarly vulnerable. even after they had learned how to plant grains, they still needed help from nature to ensure good harvests. therefore they feared and depended on the power of the wind, which could bring warmth from one direction and cold from another.using a simple piece of cloth tied to the top of a post to tell the direction of the wind was more dependable than earlier methods, such as watching the rising of smoke from a fire. the connection of the flag with heavenly power was therefore reasonable. early human societies began to fix long pieces of cloth to the tops of totems (图腾) before carrying them into battle. they believed that the power of the wind would be added to the good wishes of the gods and ancestors represented by the totems themselves.these flags developed very slowly into modern flags. the first known flag of a nation or a ruler was unmarked. the king of china around 1000 b.c. was known to have a white flag carried ahead of him. this practice might have been learned from egyptians even further in the past, but it was from china that it spread over trade routes through india, then across arab lands, and finally to europe, where it met up with the other ancestor of the national flag.41. the best title for the passage would be “_”.a. development of the national flagb. power of the national flagc. types of flagsd. uses of flags【答案】a【解析】标题归纳题。“it is, rather, the product of thousands of years development.”说明国旗是几千年发展的产物。而且整片文章从旗帜最初用于表示风向，一直讲到它演变为现代的旗帜。所以本文说的是国旗的发展。故选a。42. the underlined word “vulnerable” in paragraph 3 means _.a. impossible to make sure ofb. likely to be protectedc. easy to be damagedd. difficult to find【答案】c【解析】词义猜测题。本段第一句“early human beings used very fragile houses and boats.”说早期人类使用非常易坏的的房屋和船只。而本句 “peoples food supplies were similarly vulnerable.” 中“similarly”意为“同样地”，所以vulnera