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Ireland Nationalemblem Nationalflag outline GeographyHistoryPoliticsEconomyCultureAdviceforconversation Geography IrelandisasmallislandoffthenorthwestcostofGreatBritain dividedfromScotlandbyanarrowstraitofwater TheRepublicofIrelandisintotal70 282squarekilometersPopulation 4 203 200 July 2009 Aringofcoastalmountainssurroundlowplainsatthecentreoftheisland Irelandhasamildbutchangeableoceanicclimatewithfewextremes Theclimateisperfectformanydomesticanimals suchascowsandhorses andforgrowinggrass History Pre history Theearliestsettlersarrivedaround7000BCinthemiddlestoneageperiod Rivalcolonialistsofthenewstoneageperiodreachedaround3000BC Thesewerefarmerswhoraisedanimalsandcultivatedthesoil Withinaboutanotherthousandyears around2000BC prospectorsandmetalworkersarrived ItisthoughtthatasecondwaveofpeoplereachedIrelandaround1200BC Theyarestillnameless butbuiltontheachievementsofthepresentinhabitants TheCelts TheCeltswerecommonlythoughttohavecometoIrelandasearlyasthe6thcenturyBC withsubsequentgroupsarrivinguptothetimeofChrist TheCeltshaddeepinfluenceonIreland AmongallthelegaciesoftheCelts itistheirlanguagethathasprovedthemostlasting Alongwiththelanguage theCeltsalsobroughtaninstrumentofsocialandculturalunityandalegalsystemtotheisland ThecomingofChristianity ChristianitywasintroducedintoIrelandsometimeinthe5thcentury Traditionally itwassaidtohavebeenbroughtbySaintPatrick AlthoughthereweresomeChristiansinIrelandbeforePatrick sarrival bythetimeofhisdeathin461AD thewholeislandwaseffectivelyChristian TheMiddleAges Fromaround800onwardsVikingsmaraudersattackedIreland aswellasEngland TheVikingsweregreattradersanddidmuchtodevelopcommerceinmedievalIreland The11thand12thcenturiesareoftenregardedasaperiodofprogressinIreland Culturalactivityintheartsprospered ItwasagreateraofreligiousreformandapowerfuleffortwasmadetobringthechurchmorefullyintolinewithRomanCatholicorthodoxy TheNormansarrivedin1167 1169 In1171 theNormans overlord Henry thekingofEngland managedtoestablishhimselfasoverlordoftheIreland EarlyModernPeriod In1541 Henry declaredhimselfkingofIreland thefirstEnglishmonarchtodoso QueenElizabeth continuedandamplifiedherfather sIrishcampaigns WhenherarmydefeatedtheIrishattheBattleofKinsalein1601 thenativepoliticalsystemwasoverthrownand forthefirsttime theentireislandwascontrolledbyastrongEnglishcentralgovernment BecauseoftherepressivepoliciesoftheEnglishadministration theEnglishProtestantismwasresistedinIreland WhenthenewEnglishrepublicwasestablishedunderOliverCromwell hetooksuchdrasticmeasurestocrushtherebelliononIrishsoilthatthemassacresofhisparliamentaryarmyarestillrecalledtoday The18thCentury In1782theIrishparliamentwasgrantedindependence IrelandwasaseparatekingdomsharingamonarchwithEngland althoughtheDublinadministrationwasstillappointedbytheking TheFrenchrevolutionof1789hadaprofoundimpactonIreland Followingtheslogansof Liberty Equality Fraternity theSocietyoftheUnionIrishmenwasfoundedin1791topressforradicalreform Afamousrevoltwasinitiatedin1798bytheUnitedIrishmen butwaseasilysuppressed ThentheIrishparliament regardedasanunrepresentativeassembly wasinducedtovoteitselfoutofexistencein1800 ModernIreland Thegreatfaminetookplacein1845 1848 By1851 thepopulationhadbeenreducedbyatleast2millionduetostarvation disease andemigrationtoBritainandNorthAmerica TheshadowofthefamineandtheEnglishindifferenceorevencrueltyledtocampaignsfornationalindependenceandlandreforminthelatterhalfofthe19thcentury InDecember1921 theAnglo IrishTreatywassigned withtheresultthat26countiesgainedindependenceasthenewIrishfreestate SixcountiesinUlster however refusedtobecomepartofthenewnation TherepublicofIrelandofficiallyformedonthe6December1922 Politics Irelandisarepresentativedemocracy thatistosay mostofitsofficesarefilledthroughelection eitherdirectorindirect bytheIrishpeople TheIrishrepublichasaprimeministerandadeputyprimeministerwhoappointsacabinettoexecutethedailybusinessofgovernment Thepresidentisonlyasymbolicheadofstateanddoesnothaveexecutivepower Thepresident stermofofficeissevenyears TheParliamentorDailenactsalllegislationforthecountry Thislegislationisinterpretedbyahierarchyofcourts AtthebottomofthisladderistheDistrictCourt ThenextrungisrepresentedbytheCircuitCourt whichtriesmoreseriouscases ThenextrungontheladderiscalledtheHighCourt TheHighCourthasfulljurisdictionanddeterminingpowerinallmattersoflaworfact TheSupremeCourtisthecourtoffinalappeal Inrecentdecades theIrisheconomyhasbeentransformedfrombeingagrarianandhavingatraditionalmanufacturingbasetooneincreasinglybasedonthehi techandinternationallytradedservices In2002 theservicessectoraccountedfor65 ofemployment industryfor28 andagricultureforonly7 Inthe1990s Irelandbecamearichcountryforthefirsttimeinhishistory MimickingtheboominAsia themediacalledIreland ssuddenwealth theCeltictiger economy TheIrelandenteredtheEUin1971andbenefiteddisproportionatelyfromEUfunding OneofthemostobviousmarkersofthewayEUmembershiphaschangedIrelandisthestatusofwomen Economy Culture Legally IrishisthefirstofficiallanguageoftheRepublicofIreland Byorderofthegovernment thelanguageofIrishmustbelearnedbyallIrishchildrenuptotheageofsixteen Despitesuchofficialpressures thelanguagethatisspokenuniversallyintheRepublicofIrelandisaversionofstandardEnglishknownasHiberno English Language Literature Irelandrightlyhasareputationforbeingacultureinwhichwritersflourish Inmoderntimesalone theterritorythathasbecometherepublicofIrelandhasbeenthehomeoffourwinnersoftheNobelPrizeforliterature ThePoets W B Yeats 1865 1929 andSeamusHeaney 1939 andtheplaywrights GeorgeBernardShaw 1856 1950 andSamuelBeckett 1906 1989 Art AlthoughIrelandisrenownforitsfinetraditionalmusicculture itnowcanboastofclassicalcomposersofconsiderablemerit Indance Irelandisknownthroughouttheworldfortheintricacyandfervorofitsfolkdances rearrangedandmodernizedinthecurrentstageproductionofRiverdance TheIrishpipeisfamousanddistinctive Sports GaelicfootballisthemostpopularsportinIrelandintermsofmatchattendanceandcommunityinvolvement andrepresents34 oftotalsportsattendancesateventsinIrelandandabroad followedbyhurlingat23 soccerat16 andrugbyat8 andtheAll IrelandFootballFinalisthemostwatchedeventinIreland ssportingcalendar Swimming golf aerobics soccer cycling Gaelicfootballandbilliards snookerarethesportingactivitieswiththehighestlevelsofplayingparticipation Adviceforconversation TheIrelandhasanoralculture TheIrishvaluegoodtalkandtheyloveagoodstory soifyouareabusinessmanandwanttodobusinesswiththeIrish justtalkwiththem frompersonalstoriestojokes Thegameth
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