高考英语 语法精讲精练 专题四 介词.doc

语法专题四：介词 介词又叫前置词，是一种虚词。它是高考必考点之一。2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲附录语法项目表中对介词考查列了一项：介词和介词短语。 介词在句子中不能单独使用，只能与名词、代词等构成介词短语，在句中作状语、后置定语、表语和补语等。 2015年高考全国卷第66题（语法填空）考查了介词短语by car乘汽车；第74题（短文改错）考查了介词短语with the development of随着.的发展。 2016年高考全国卷第64题（语法填空）考查了介词短语go back to回到；第78题（短文改错）考查了介词短语dream of梦想。 2017年高考全国卷第61题（语法填空）考查了介词as表示“作为”；第68题（语法填空）考查了介词by后面接v-ing；第80题考查了介词短语in the middle of里的介词of。 i.介词分类：1简单介词about，across，after，against，among，around，at，below，beyond， during，in，on，over2合成介词inside，outside，into，onto，out of， throughout， upon，within， without，nearby3短语介词according to，dream of ，because of， instead of，up to，due to，owing to， thanks to4双重介词from among， from behind， from under， till after， in between，except for 5分词转化成的介词considering， including，concerning6形容词转化成的介词like，unlike，near，next，opposite ii. 常用介词区别：1表示时间的in, on, atat表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有关2表示时间的since, fromsince 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始3表示时间的in, afterin指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中4表示地理位置的in, on, toin表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外5表示“在上”的on, inon只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分6表示“穿过”的through, acrossthrough表示从内部通过，与in有关，across表示在表面上通过，与on有关7表示“关于”的about, onabout指涉及到，on指专门论述8between与among的区别between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间9besides与except的区别besides指“除了还有再加上”，except指“除了，减去什么”，不放在句首10表示“用”的in, withwith表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音11as与like的区别as意为“作为，以地位或身份”，like为“象一样”，指情形相似12in与into区别in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置 iii.高考英语短文改错及语法填空考点分析及训练介词 考点规律分析：短文改错对介词的考查主要涉及在及物动词后接宾语时误加介词和在不及物动词后接宾语时漏加介词、可直接用作状语的副词短语前误加介词、介词与其他词的常用搭配、常用介词的基本用法、习语中的介词用法等。语法填空主要涉及介词的选择。 介词单句改错之真题训练：1. bill insisted in staying near the car. 2. suddenly we caught sight at a car and some men. 3. when i have free time i go a long walk.4.when they came down the police were angry to them.5. most people can quickly get for help from a doctor or go to a hospital since they are ill. 6. and some books, for example, books for history, science, cooking and gardening are also popular. 7. i never knew about a ride down a river could be so exciting. 8. it was very kind for them to meet me at the railway station. 9. in fact, they are planning to visit china in next year. 10. we practise for three times every week. 11.we must keep in mind that we play for the team instead ourselves. 12. unfortunately, there are too many people among my family. 13. i was happy with any programme but the others spent a lot time arguing14. thanks very much on inviting me to your birthday party on sunday. 15. so im really sorry that i wont be able to come in this time. 16. but we do not seem to get much time to talk about together. 17. for instance, on one night he played strong and loud music till four oclock in the morning. 18.i was so tired that i fell asleep at the moment my head touched the pillow. 19. his parents asked him to spend in more time preparing for the college entrance examination. 20.i feel sorry to him.21.because so much viewing, children may not develop the habit of reading and the ability to enjoy themselves. 22. on one year the average child will see 25,000 television commercials23. the main problem was in that i always thought in chinese 24. im sure they will laugh to me and see me as a fool. so i feel unhappy every day. 25. you can find all kinds information in just a few minutes on the internet. 26. but i have spent lots my money, 27. you will probably want to join in the stamp collectors club28. we have a lot on common and have a lot to talk about. 介词单句改错之模拟训练：1. we must serve for the people heart and soul. 2. i followed the man for a while, and saw him enter into the bank.3. soon the nurse married with my friend jim.4. i took a great many of photographs in the mountains. 5. in english class, we often talk each other in english.6. dont talk. what the man says is well worth listening.7. the chair looks hard, but it is comfortable to sit.8. she was very kind and insisted lending her car to us.9. i asked to her what she would be doing on saturday.10. are you glad to be going to back to school?11. on his way to home, he met one of his old friends jack.12. please close the door at next time you come in.13. thousands of people go to the seaside in every year.14. we can finish the work either this week or in next week.15. we walked down the stairs instead taking the elevator.16. we could not have heard them because the noise from the river.17. dont be angry to me for not having writteni was really too busy.18. ive read a lot books about animals.19. he invited us to dinner, which was very kind for him.20. i knew that there was no hope on the moment i saw him.21. dont go by plane. its a lot of more expensive.22. except milk and cheese, we all need vegetables.23. on my way back, i called at mr smith at his office.介词单句改错之提升训练：1. his father has been ill on bed for two years.2. during the summer vacation, he worked in the farm.3. he is very fond of football and he is in the school football team.4. i have made rapid progress under the help of my teacher.5. dont read under the strong light.6. the killer ran away to the direction of beijing.7. he lives on no.124. wuyi road.8. he is very angry to his son for his failing in the exam. 9. he hit me on the face.10. he is strict to me in my work. 11. the bottle is filled of the gas.12. london stands to the thames.13. his mother took pride of his great achievements.14. there are two windows on the wall.15. on the way home, i found i had lost the key of the door.16. we are trying to find the answer of the problem.17. you are required to write your story with your own words.18. with what language did she make the speech?19. he is the cleverest in all the students.20. at a clear night, he went out in search of the gold.21. he had an english party at christmas eve.22. women should be equal with men.23. he is blind on both his eyes.24. uncle tom is famous as his skill in cooking.25. he will come back after five weeks.26. he said that he had met us many years ago.27. he is the tallest between the four of us.28. i called on my uncles last night.29. it is very clever for a dog to save its owner.30. you should be beware to dangers.介词单句语法填空之真题训练：1that young man is honest，cooperative，always there when you need his help. _short，hes reliable.2in addition _ the school，the village has a clinic，which was also built with government support.3the dictionary is of date：many words have been added to the language since it was published. 4my connection with pandas goes back _ my days on a tv show in the mid1980s.5.my uncle says that he never dreams _becoming rich in a short period of time.6most of us are more focused_our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.7.are you interested _ becoming a musician and getting a recording contract(合同)?8.five years ago, when i taught art at a school in seattle, i used tinkertoys as a test _ the beginning of a term to find out something about my students.9.chopsticks are not used everywhere in asia.in india, for example, most people traditionally eat_their hands.10.now i am leaving home _ college.at last, i will be on my own, but i still want to have my parents to turn to whenever i need help.11.in high school, i became curious _ the computer, and built my first website.12.find an issue you are interested in and learn more.volunteer or, if you can, contribute a little money _a cause.13.the mother continued to care for the young panda_more than two years.14.parents should actively urge their children to take advantage_the opportunity to join sports teams.15.shellyann is a little woman _ a big smile.she has mental toughness that did not come about by chance.16.the scottish girl _ blue eyes won the first prize in the fifth chinese speech contest.17.jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves _ half an hour.18.human life is regarded as part of nature and, as such, the only way for us to survive is to live _ harmony with nature.19.the whole team count _ cristiano ronaldo, and he seldom lets them down.20.many of the things we now benefit from would not be around but _ thomas edison.21.have you ever heard of the trees that are homes _ animals both on land and sea?22.most people work because its unavoidable._ contrast, there are some people who actually enjoy work.23.we tend to have a better memory for things that excite our senses or appeal _our emotions than for straight facts.24.these comments came in response_ specific questions often asked by local newsmen.25.this meeting room is a nonsmoking area.i would like to warn you _ advance that if you smoked here you would be fined.学习札记：_参考答案及解析 介词单句改错之真题训练：1.in 改为 on，insist on 为固定搭配2.at 改为 of，catch sight of是习语，意为“看见”3.go 后加 for，go for a walk 是习语4.to 改为 with，要表示对某人生气，英语习惯上用be angry with sb5.去掉 for，因其前的 get 是及物动词6.books for 改为 books on，此处的 on 意为“关于”7.去掉 about 或将 about 改为 that，因动词 knew 后可直接跟宾语从句，无需用介词8.for 改为 of，注意句型 its kind of sb to do sth9.去掉 in，在由 next, this, last 等构成的时间短语中，一般可直接用作时间状语，无需加 in, on, at 这样的介词10.去掉 for，在表示频率的名词前通常不加介词11.instead 后加 of，instead of 为复合介词，在此表示“而不是”12.among 改为 in，in my family 意为“在我家里”13.a lot 后加 of，因 a lot 不能直接修饰名词14.on 改为 for，thanks for doing sth 意为“因某事而感谢某人”15.去掉 in，因 this time 可直接用作状语16.去掉 about，因 about 后没有接宾语，about 属多余17.去掉 on，因 one night 可直接用作状语18.去掉 at，the moment 在此用作连词，相当于 as soon as19.去掉 in，spend 是及物动词，其后可直接跟名词作宾语20.to 改为 for，be / feel sorry for sb 意为“为某人感到难过”21.because 后加 of，因 so much viewing 相当于名词22.on 改为 in，意为“在一年中”23.去掉 that 前的 in，was 后是一个以 that 引导的宾语从句，in 是多余的24.to 改为 at，laugh at 意为“嘲笑”25.kinds 后加 of，a kind of 意为“一种”，all kinds of意为“各种各样的”26.lots后加of，lots / a lot后不能接名词；后接名词时，要用lots of，a lot of27.去掉 in，表示“参加，加入”某个组织，join 后不要再加介词 in；表示“参加”某项活动时，才加 in28.on 改为 in，因为 have sth in common 是固定搭配，意为“有共同的”介词单句改错之模拟训练：1. 去掉 for，serve 表示“为服务”，是及物动词，后接宾语时无需用介词。2. 去掉 into，enter 表示“进入”时，是及物动词，后接宾语时无需用介词。3. 去掉 with，marry 表示“与结婚”时，是及物动词，后接宾语时无需用介词。4. 去掉 of，a great many后可直接跟名词，无需用介词。但若其后的名词有the, these, my 等表特指的限定词，则要用介词 of，如 a great many of my friends。5. talk 后加 to，因 talk 为不及物动词。6. listening 后加 to，因what the man says 是 listen to 的逻辑宾语。7. sit 后加 on或 in，因为从逻辑上说就是 sit on/in the chair。8. insisted 后加 on，insist 后可接从句作宾语，但不接名词、代词、动名词等作宾语，遇此情况应用 insist on。9. 去掉 to，因 ask 是及物动词，后接宾语时无需用介词。10. 去掉 back 前的 to，因 back 是副词，其前不用介词。11. 去掉 home 前的 to，因 home 是副词，其前不用介词。12. 去掉 at，因 next time 在此用作连词，意为“下次”。13. 去掉 in，every year 可直接用作状语，其前无需用介词。14. 去掉 in，next week 可直接用作状语，其前无需用介词。15.instead 后加 of，instead of 为复合介词，在此表示“而没有”。16. because 后加 of，因其后接的是名词，而不是句子。17.to 改为 with，要表示“对某人生气”，用 be angry with sb，不用 be angry to sb。18. a lot 后加 of，a lot of 意为“许多”。19. for 改为 of，为 it is very kind of sb 的变体。20. 去掉 on，the moment 在此用作连词，意为“一就”。21. 去掉 of，a lot 修饰比较级，a lot of 修饰名词。22. except 改为besides。比较：except 表示“除外，不再有”，besides 表示“除外，还有”。23. at 改为 on。比较：call at 后接某地方，call on 后接某人。介词单句改错之提升训练：1. on改为in。in bed为固定用法，表示“卧床休息”。2. in 改为on。3. in 改为on。on the team为固定用法。4. under 改为with。with the help of表示“在的帮助下”。5. under改为in。“在光线下”正确表示方法为in light。6. to改为in。in the direction of表示“朝方向”之意。7. on改为at。8. to改为with。表示“对某人生气”应用be angry with sb.。9. on改为in。10. to改为with。be strict with sb. 表示“对某人要求严格”； be strict in sth. 表示“对某事要求严格”。11. of改为with。注意这两个词组的介词搭配be full of， be filled with。12. to改为on。表示“在河的边沿”，用on。13. of改为in。注意两个词组的介词搭配take pride in，be proud of14. on改为in。15. of改为to。the key to the door 为固定搭配。16. of改为to。the answer to the problem为固定搭配。17. with改为in。18. with改为in。19. in改为of。表比较的对象用of。表比较地点范围用in，如：in my class, in china20. at改为on。on指具体所指的一天晚上。21. at改为on。注意比较：at christmas22. with改为to。be equal to（相等的、均等的）为固定搭配。23. on改为in。表示眼睛瞎了要用介词in/of。24. as改为for。be famous for表示“因某事出名”, be famous as表示“因某种身份出名”。25. after改为in。表“将来一段时间之后”，用in。26. ago改为before。ago以现在为起点，如：five days ago。而 before以过去某个时间为起点，如：before liberation27. between改为among。between只能指“两者之间”。28. on改为at。my uncles是“我叔叔家”的意思。29. for改为of