辽宁省铁岭市高考英语 阅读理解、短文填单词类训练题（6）.doc

辽宁铁岭市2014高考英语阅读理解、短文填单词类训练题（6）及答案阅读下列短文，按要求完成读写任务camping wild is a wonderful way to experience the natural world and，at its best，it makes little environmental influence.but with increasing numbers of people wanting to escape into the wilderness，it is becoming more and more important to camp unobtrusively and leave no mark.wild camping is not permitted in many places，particularly in crowded lowland britain.wherever you are，find out about organizations responsible for managing wild spaces，and contact them to find out their policy on camping and shelter building.for example，it is fine to camp wild in remote parts of scotland，but in england you must ask the landowners permission，except in national parks.camping is about having relaxation，sleeping outdoors，experiencing bad weather，and making things without modern conveniences.a busy，fullyequipped campsite (野营地) seems to go against this，so seek out smaller，more remote places with easy access to open spaces and perhaps beaches.better still，find a campsite with no road access：walking in makes a real adventure.finding the right spot to camp is the first step to guaranteeing a good nights sleep.choose a campsite with privacy and minimum influence on others and the environment.try to use an area where people have obviously camped before rather than creating a new spot.when camping in woodland，avoid standing by a dead tree，which may fall on a windy night.avoid animal runs and caves，and possible homes of biting insect.make sure you have most protection on the windward side.if you make a fire，do so downwind of your shelter.always consider what influence you might have on the natural world.avoid damaging plants.a good campsite is found，not madechanging it should be unnecessary.以约30词概括文章大意_.根据短文内容选择最佳答案1you neednt ask for permission when camping in _.anational parks in englandbmost parts of scotlandccrowded lowland britain dmost parts of england2what does the underlined word “unobtrusively” in para.1 probably mean?aunofficiallybunattractivelycunnoticeablyduncomfortably3the author thinks that a good campsite is one _.awith easy accessbused previouslycwith modern conveniences dfar away from beaches4the last paragraph mainly deals with _.aprotecting animalsbbuilding a campfireccamping in woodlanddfinding a campsite with privacy5the passage is mainly about _.athe protection of campsitesbthe importance of wild camping cthe human influence on campsitesdthe dos and donts of wild camping参考答案 (二)the text gives us some advice on camping wild，including choosing a camp site with privacy and easy access to open spaces，protect us from possible dangers and camping unobtrusively.(30 words)1解析：从第二段最后的but in england you must ask the landowners permission，except in national parks可知答案。答案：a2解析：此题可用同义释义法得出答案，因为后面的leave no mark(不留痕迹)对划线单词做了很好的解释。答案：c3解析：从最后一段的try to use an area where people have obviously camped before rather than creating a new spot可知答案。答案：b4解析：从最后一段的when camping in woodland.avoid damaging plants可知答案。答案：c5解析：文章主旨题。阅读全文可知，本文主要给读者解释野外露营时的注意事项，告诉读者该做什么，不该做什么。答案：d。*结束阅读文章-解题技巧一、捕捉信息的技巧1确定文章与表格之间的对应关系。先略读短文，然后速览表格，借助所给图表结构抓住文章中心大意以及文章的脉络。并确定表格中某一行或某一列与文章中某一段落之间的对应关系。2确定文章中相应的句子。在文章中标出与表格中空格前后所给出的关键词句相符合或一致的句子。注意，有时表格中的语境会发生变化，有的是在空格前后“多一词”，有的是“少一词”，还有的是“换一词”。考生如果稍不留神就会犯错。二、变通信息的技巧有许多答案是不能直接在文章中找到原句或原词的，这就需要我们对文章进行加工或变通。这些变通大多与语法知识有关，也有些与短语和句型有关。1间接法即基于原文某个词语的语法变形，如，主动与被动，谓语动词与非谓语动词，动词原形与动词第三人称单数形式，动词与名词，名词与形容词，形容词、副词的比较级与最高级，名词单复数等。2意译法即对原文中的某句话在保持意思不变的前提下，变换一种说法。这种变换有一定的难度，要求你正确理解原句，然后进行转换或解释。答案的来源往往有三个方面：(1)根据关键词的导航，在文中捕捉原始信息。(2)根据空格前后变化了的新语境，从语法和搭配的角度对原始信息进行加工。(3)根据单元格本身的行文规律，遵循同一栏在表达上的一致性原则，从周围单元格中确定信息最终的输出形式。三、概括信息的技巧不会概括归纳的原因有两个：一是没有看懂表格里横向单元格和纵向单元格之间的逻辑关系；二是没有掌握常见的表示归纳概括的词语。1看懂表格。归纳概括词语往往位于表格上面的第一行或表格左边的第一列。方法通常是：看下面的单元格向上概括：看右边的单元格向左归纳。大多是归纳某一段落的大意，有时是概括全文的主旨。归纳概括的注意事项有：(1)大小写(2)单复数(3)搭配2掌握常见的归纳概括词语。(1)赞成和反对pros and cons(2)优劣 advantages，disadvantages(3)异同 similarities，differences(4)建议 suggestions，tips，advice(5)态度、观点 attitudes to/towards，opinion of(6)简介某个现象或问题 brief/general introduction，phenomenon(phenomena)，problem(s)四、不同题型的解题技巧(一)直接信息题.了解直接信息题的特点是答题的需要。所谓直接信息题，即能直接从文章中找到答题信息句，且能直接套用文中信息句中的某个原词或词组而不需改变其词性，甚至不需改变其词形。例如：根据信息句“what comes first is to keep an open mind，because everyones ideas deserve consideration and each group member can make his or her own contribution.”判断填空：“keep an open mind to _”根据信息句中的“everyones ideas deserve consideration”可判断该空应填写“everyones ideas”，即为文中原词，既没有改变原词的词性，也没有改变原词的词形。但有些时候，为了满足同一单元格中表达形式一致的原则，而需改变原词的词形。例如：a format for exchanging information(e.g.photocopies of notes，oral discussion，etc.)is also important，for a wellchosen method not only strengthens what you present but also makes yourself easily understood. with others via proper format.make all decisions by compromise and agreement.根据信息句中的“exchanging information”再结合该单元格中所给出的表达形式可判断，该空应填“exchange your information”，即将原词的ing形式改为动词原形，且动词首字母要大写。.有效寻找答题信息句是答题的保证。直接信息题主要考查检索信息的能力，因此有效快速定位信息句尤为重要。快速寻找有效信息句的方法主要有：1在粗读的过程中留意重要细节和关键词。前面我们介绍了阅读填空题的解题步骤。其中第一步是：快速浏览，抓住全文中心及段落大意，正确获取信息。在快速浏览的过程中，考生应学会带着问题有意识地在细节处和关键处做标记。例如，画线段落主题句，标记文中醒目词time，age，number，place，suggestions，tips，ways，benefits等，注明信息词：who，what，when，where，why，how；first，then，after that，next，finally；because，thus，lead to，is caused by，as a result of；likeness，alike，just as，either.or；but，while，instead，different from，on the contrary；in a word，in summary，etc.。2根据试题在表格中的顺序确定有效信息句在文章中的大致位置。表格是文章框架的体现，其设题一般来说，是按照文章的段落顺序来排序的，例如，第1小题的答题信息句应在文首，而最后一小题的答题信息句中应在文尾。总之，阅读填空题的10个小题的答题信息句在文章中一般是依次出现的。3根据试题关键词的提示寻读有效信息句。表格中的表达通常以词组或句子出现，因此，考生应善于判断、识别该空所在语句表达中的关键词，再有针对性地带着这些关键词的提示到文中相应段落寻找有效信息句。 .准确理解表格中的语意表达是答题的关键。表格中的语意表达一般不完全等同于文章中的原句表达，它显得更简洁、清楚，其表达方式多为词组，偶尔为句子。因此，找到答题信息句后，考生应注意分析、比较、推敲表格与原文在表达上的异同。首先找到两者在表达上的共同之处，再推敲其不同的地方，而后分析文中原句的主干结构，比较实词的对应关系。(二)归纳概括题.归纳概括题的种类1标题归纳题：根据“文章主旨句大多出现在三个位置：文章首段、一段末二段首转折后信息、文章末段”的特点，可有意识地从上述三个位置找到文章主题句，再加以准确概括，确定语篇标题。此外，常用于概括文章标题的词有development，history，introduction，study，research，experiment，information，future。需注意的是，阅读填空题的标题表达常以(动)名词词组形式为主。2段落归纳题：段落归纳概括题常位于表格的左栏，能最大限度覆盖相应行、列或单元格的全部信息，常为名词、名词词组或动(名)词词组。例如下列短文设表格如下：activities like investigations are most effective when done by small groups.here are some more suggestions for effective team performance during these activities：make sure each group member understands and agrees to the task given to him or her，and everyone knows exactly when，why and what to do；take turns doing various tasks during similar and repeated activities；be aware of where other group members are and what they are doing so as to ensure safety；be responsible for your own learning，though it is by no means unwise to compare your observations with those of other group members.1._understand and agree to the 2._ of ones own.take turns doing various tasks.show concern for others to ensure safety.take 3._ for ones own learning.compare your own observations with those of others.第1题在表格的左栏，所填的词要求能概括右栏单元格的所有内容，而根据该段的主题句“here are some more suggestions for effective team performance during these activities.”可判断第1空应填写suggestions。由此可知，概括词多为段落主题句中的关键词。.归纳概括词的判断与选用1常见的归纳概括词：表原因：reason(for)，cause(of)；表目的：purpose，aim，goal；表种类：kind，type，category，style(风格)；表方式、方法：means，way，method，solution，approach；表方位：location，position；表建议：advice，suggestion，recommendation，tip；表态度、观点：attitude，idea，opinion；表用途、功能：use，usage，function；表变化，趋势：change，trend，development，rise，increase，decrease；表描述：description，appearance，look，color，size，length，width，distance，height，shape；表来源，历史：history，source，origin；表影响，结果：effect，influence，result，consequence；表措施，行动：measure，action，activity，behavior(举止行为)；表益处，不利：benefit，advantage，disadvantage，convenience；表概括，总结：summary，conclusion；表主题：topic，theme，subject；表特点：feature，characteristic，character(性格、特征)；表评论、评价：comment，remark，assessment；表问题：problem，question，issue；表要求、需求：demand，need，requirement，qualification；表内容、项目：content，item；表信息：information；表情绪，感觉：feeling，emotion，motivation(动机)；表物质，材料：substance，material；表步骤：step，procedure，process；表比例：rate(比例，速度)，percentage；表天气，气候：weather，climate；表灾难，事故：disaster，accident，threat；表关系：relation，relationship；表异、同：difference，similarity；表交通、运输：traffic，transportation；表时间，年代，年龄：date，time，age；表性别：sex；表质量，数量：quality，amount，quantity，number；表事件：incident，event。2判定归纳概括词的方法(1)根据段落主题句的关键词判定概括词。段落主题句多在段首，其次在段尾，偶尔在段中，因此在读文章时要尤其注意段首尾，及时标注主题句。找到主题句后，要善于根据上下文的逻辑关系确认关键词，例如上述例句中，找到主题句后，要能判断suggestions为主题句的关键词。值得注意的是，有时所填写的概括词不能照抄主题句中的关键词，而需根据表达的需要改变关键词的词形或词性，甚至是另换一词。(2)根据文中信息词判定概括词。例如，根据how判断用ways，tips，methods，solutions，etc.；根据why，because，result in，lead to，be caused by等判断用reasons，causes；根据in short，all in all判断用summary；根据refer to，be，be called判断用definition；根据therefore，thus，so，as a result判断用result，conclusion；根据find，discover判断用findings。例如：then，how to solve the problem？to a large degree，it is the fashion producers that really have the power and the responsibility to shape our future.there are numerous ways in which these producers can reduce their ecological footprint，from switching to green energy and reducing energy use，through selecting sustainable(可持续使用的)materials and choosing local suppliers，to recycle and minimize waste.on the other hand，as consumers we can all make contributions by selecting environmentally friendly clothing and reducing clothing consumption.1._toproblemsfashionproducersways to 2._ and minimize waste：switching to green energyreducing energy useselecting sustainable materialschoosing local suppliers3._selecting environmentally friendly clothing4._第1题在表格的左栏，所填的词要求能概括右栏单元格的所有内容，根据该段首句“then，how to solve the problem？”可判断第1空应填写solutions。三、信息组织题 .信息组织题的特点所谓信息组织题，即能从文中找到信息句，但需转换原词的词性或另用新词填空。例如，根据信息句“be responsible for your own learning，though it is by no means unwise to compare your observations with those of other group members.”判断填写“take _ for ones own learning.”，显然该空应填写“responsibility”，即为原句中形容词responsible的名词形式，转换了词性。信息组织题的产生是因为表格中的表达形式不同于原文表达所致。因此，找到答题信息句后，考生应注意分析、比较、推敲表格与原文在表达上的异同，从而作出正确的推理判断。值得注意的是，所填入的词或词组不仅要求拼写正确，符合语法规则，还要确保上下、左右语义的一致。.信息组织题的答题技巧与另外两种设题相比，信息组织题的答题要求更高，难度更大，它要求考生不仅要有较强的阅读能力，还要有丰富扎实的英语语言知识。例如，要掌握常用同义词和近义词，必备的构词法知识和习惯搭配，丰富的语法知识等。其具体答题技巧有：1转换词性：例如动词转换为名词，名词转换为动词或形容词，名词或形容词转换为动词等。例如2007年高考湖南卷82题，根据信息句“on the other hand，students expectations have risen.”将动词risen转换为名词，确定答案为：rise in expectations。再如，2006年高考湖南卷80题，根据信息句“they also have fewer absences and are likely to blame.”将确定其答案为blame由动词转换成名词，确定答案为：less blame。2用名词所有格 “s”代替 of所有格。例如2005年高考湖南卷79题“baby boomers old growing”就是将文中表达方式“the oldgrowing of the baby boomers” 用“s”所有格代替 of所有格转换而成。3后置定语、补语等转化为前置定语：例如将定语从句转化为前置定语或改为非谓语动词形式作后置定语，名词、形容词、分词作前置定语等。例如2007年高考湖南卷84题，根据信息句“they are trying to make living conditions better.”将宾补better转为动词确定答案为bettering living conditions。4省略次要信息，提炼关键信息。例如2007年高考湖南卷78、79题，根据信息句“staying alongside host families enables students to get enough practice for the short time of their studying so that their language acquisition is likely to become faster.” 提炼关键信息，确定78题答案为possibly becoming faster；根据信息句“living in host families also has the advantage for students of being able to spend a lot of time communicating with their host parents.” 提炼关键信息，确定79题答案为communicating with hosts。 5意义理解转换。例如2007年高考湖南卷80题，理解信息句“it attracts students for it ensures them a family type of living at a low cost.”，将living at a low cost转化为cost of living。再如2008年高考湖南卷81题，理解信息句“the intensive type may be smaller.”再结合该空下面的表达方式可将“may be”转换为“possibly”，即答案为possibly smaller。又如2010年高考湖南卷77题理解信息句“it can offer employers a pool of welltrained workers to draw from.”可判断为many welltrained workers。阅读文章-误区警示一、总结、归纳题上出错(2012湖南卷)title：_71_【错误透析】 river control根据首段“.people have controlled rivers to meet societys demands.today，rivers are controlled for many reasons，.”和第二段开头“river control is，.”及第四段开头“.people control rivers.”可知，文章主要讨论