西方文明史Key Words.doc

Key Words & TermsChapter 1Theres MethodWestern Civilization, humans, history, historical method, causation, significance, sources (primary, secondary. tertiary), chronological, geographical, topical categories, prehistory, science, economics, politics, social structures, culture, art, literature, philosophy, religion, western EuropeWhat is Truth?Subjectivity, objectivity, bias, prejudiceFact, opinion, mythSupremacy, diversity, universalism, acculturation, acculturation, particularism, syncretism supernaturalChapter 2The Apes Cousinshominids, Homo sapiens, tools, weapons, clothingAnimism, paintings, sculptures;Paleolithic Age, communities, families, hunting and gathering, ethnicityBound to the Soil Neolithic Agricultural Revolution, agriculture, houses, domestication, architecture, villages, towns, cities, civilizations, city-state, division of labor, peasant, polytheism, priests and priestesses, writing, schools, monarchy, kings, absolutism, dynasty, laws, kingdom, emperor, empire, imperialism, barbarianThe Price of Civilization health problems, sexism, property, social classes, division of laborUpper classes (aristocrats, nobles), lower classes or commoners: middle class of artisans and merchants, peasantsTaxes, slave economy, warThe Rise and Fall of Practically All Middle Eastern Empires Middle East, metal tools, Bronze Age;Mesopotamia, fertility rituals, cuneiform, epic poetry, Gilgamesh; Egypt, the Nile, monotheism, hieroglyphicsIron Age, domestication of horses, Assyrian Empire, militarism, Neo-Babylonian-Persian alliance; Persian Empire, Cyrus the Great, benevolent, moneyChapter 3An Obscure History Hebrews, Jews, Judaism, the Torah, Old Testament, Bible, Egyptian Captivity, Exodus, Canaan, Palestine, Israel, Judaea, Babylonian CaptivityThe Tie that Binds syncretism, covenant, Ten Commandments, theocracy, Diaspora, rabbis, anti-SemitismChapter 4To the Sea Greeks, Hellenes, Mycenaeans, Minoans, polis, poleis, colonialism, Magna Grcia, Phoenicians, alphabet, Olympic Games, panhellenism, individualism The Political Animal democracy, aristocracy, hoplite, phalanx, trireme, land reform, tyrants and tyranny, citizenship, oligarchy, Sparta, egalitarianism, militarism, Athens, ostracism, Classical AgeMetamorphosis Persian Wars, Peloponnesian Wars, Delian League, demagogues, factionalism, Macedon, Philip II, Hellenistic Age, Alexander III “the Great,” deification,Salamis, Plataea, Herodotus, Thucydides, The Cultural Conquesthellenization,parthenon, realism, naturalism, Olympian gods, anthropomorphism, civic cults, oracles, mystery cults, rationalism, hedonism, cynicism, Socrates, Plato, idealism, Aristotle, syllogism and dialectic logic, humanism, sappho, theater, epicureanism, stoicismChapter 5World Conquest in Self-Defense Rome, Roman myth, Romulus & Remus, the Etruscans, Latin; republic, Senate, checks and balances, patricians, plebians; Celts or Gauls, legion, tribunes, romanization, forum, amphitheatres, dome & arch; Roman law, Twelve Tables, natural lawThe Price of Power Carthage, Punic Wars, Hannibal, proletariat, proscription, Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus, professionalization of warriorsThe Absolutist Solution Julius Caesar, Julian Calendar, Octavian or Augustus Csar, Pax Romana, Principate, Praetorian Guard, bureaucracy, Germans or Goths, Diocletian, DominateThe Roads to Knowledge Herculaneum, Pompeii, Vesuvius, Marcus Aurelius, the Meditations, the seven liberal arts (grammar, rhetoric, logic; arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy)Chapter 7The Son of Man Christianity, Yeshua of Nazareth / “Jesus Christ,” Gospels, Messiah, orthodoxy, heresy, Gnosticism, apostolic succession, secular clergy, bishops, councils, baptism, mass, excommunicationThe Cultural War Paul of Tarsus, paganism, heathenism, martyrs, Constantine, Constantinople, Edict of Milan, saints, Council of Nicaea, Arianism, intellectualism, anti-intellectualismRoma Delenda Est. Augustine of Hippo, pacifism, Huns, Germanic barbarian migrations, vandalism, Germanic barbarian kingdoms, Byzantium or Byzantine Empire, csaro-papism, Emperor Justinian, Justinian CodeStruggle for the Realm of Submission Islam, Zoroastrianism, Muslims, islamicization, arabization, TurksChapter 8Return of the Kings High or Central Middle Ages, Later Middle Ages, Otto I “the Great,” Holy Roman Empire, Norman conquest, William “the Conqueror,” Domesday Book, Henry II, Thomas Becket, Magna Carta, Parliament, Philip II “Augustus,” Philip IV “the Fair,” Estates-GeneralDiscipline and Domination Cluniac Reform, canon law, Cistercian Reform, Hildebrandine or Gregorian Reform, Pope Gregory VII, schism, Eastern Orthodox Christianity, cardinals, simony, crusades and major target regions, Reconquesta, monk-knights, Teutonic Knights, PrussiaPlenty of Papal Power Henry IV, Pope Gregory VII, Investiture Contest, Concordat of WormsThe Age of Faith and Reason Toledo, dialectic logic, universities, colleges, Peter Abelard, Thomas Aquinas, the Sum of Theology, Scholasticism, nominalism, vernacular literature/Latin literature Romance/Germanic/Slavic languages, Dantes Divine Comedy, Romanesque, Gothic A New Estate Trinitarian social division, fairs, the triad, industrialization, cottage industry, bourgeoisie, mayors, town councils, communes, guilds, mendicants, materialism, Francis of Assisi, apostolic poverty,