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1 如何提高阅读速度,增加阅读题的答对率? 做阅读理解题的主要障碍之一是文章长、句子复杂、问题难,因此分配的时间往往不够用,在规定的时间里读不完文章,做不完题目。根据考试大纲,CET-4阅读部分的文章为4篇,总词数约为1000词,问答题为20题,总词数值为800词,分配的时间为35分。根据这一要求,考试每分钟只要阅读52词,这似乎并不难,但做阅读理解题不仅要读,了解文章的大意,更重要的读了以后还要理解思考,还要辨别是非,概括判断。因此,第一,掌握阅读方法,加强训练自己的阅读习惯与方法。平时训练阅读时不能一词一词地阅读,更不能张着嘴巴一词一词的朗读,而要根据意群,注意句子、段落的大意来理解。第二,了解文章的体裁,掌握各类体裁文章的主要组织框架,也就是说,每类体裁文章的主题是如何展开的,这有利于我们提高阅读速度;如议论文,一般先把论点摆出来,然后通过举例、比较等来论证主题;如记叙文,着重论述的是过程,主题是通过论叙的事或过程来突出的。第三,扩大知识面。一般来说,对自己熟悉的话题,阅读起来速度较快,且理解较透彻,而对自己不太熟悉的话题,即使文章中没有单词、难句,也很难理解,这就要求我们平时涉及各方面的知识,文科学生多读一些自然科学方面的文章,而理工科学生多了解一点人文哲学方面的文章,知识面拓宽了,阅读速度、理解率就能得到保障。第四,熟悉各类题型的特点。一般来说,用what, how, when, where, why, who, not true/not mentioned等形式来提问的,往往在检测我们辨别信息的能力,也就是辨别文章中主要信息与次要信息的能力,这就要求我们重点理解文章中主要的、具体的细节;而问题涉及到主题思想、最佳标题、作者的观点、文章的写作框架、文章的主要来源等问题,往往在检测我们的概括、归纳能力,这就要求我们从语篇高度去理解文章;而问题中提到infer, imply等词时,往往检测我们的推理能力,这就要求我们不仅要理解文章中相关信息的表面意思,更要理解这些表层信息中隐含着的深层意思。了解这些题型的特点,有助于我们有的放矢,提高阅读速度与理解率。在考试期间,考生做阅读理解主要是为了获取有关信息,是为了解答问题,因此阅读文章时没有必要把文中的每一个单词、每一句话、每一个细节都搞清楚,而只要找到与问题有关的信息加以理解,必要时再理解上下文的关联信息。对无关的、没有要求了解的信息可置之不理,这样可省下许多时间,多读几遍与问题相关的信息,从而提高解答问题的答对率。再者,如果考试期间在35分钟时间里还没有读完文章或做完题目,可适当地占有其它部分的答题时间,如词汇、结构、完形填空等,因为就分值而言,阅读理解做对一题得2分,而花同样的时间,做对一题词汇、结构、完形填空题才0.5分,因此,仅仅从通过考试拿分的实用角度来考虑,多花一点时间在阅读理解上,也是必要的。2 正确选择项有何特点文章理解了,要从每一个问题的四个选择中选出正确答案并不容易,因为正确选择项不仅混在三个很相似,且相关的干扰项中,而且其表现形式多种多样,它不可能是原文中相同的词、相同的结构,甚至是相同的语义关系,其语言表达形式相差很大。因此,了解和掌握正确选择项的特点,以及它与文章相关句的语义关系,对于我们快速、有效地确定正确答案是大有裨益的。一般来说,正确选择项与原文中的信息主要有以下几种相关性:1) 正确选择项是原文中相关信息的同义关系如1999年6月CET-4中的第1篇文章:例1The biggest safety threat facing airlines today may not be a terrorist with a gun, but the man with the portable computer in business class. In the last 15 years, pilots have reported well over 100 incidents that could have been caused by electromagnetic interference. The source of this interference remains unconfirmed, but increasingly, experts are pointing the blame at portable electronic devices such as portable computers, radio and cassette players and mobile telephones.RTCA, an organization which advises the aviation industry, has recommended that all airlines ban such devices from being used during critical stages of flight, particularly take-off and landing. Some experts have gone further, calling for a total ban during all flights. Currently, rules on using these devices are left up to individual airlines. And although some airlines prohibit passengers from using such equipment during take-off and landing, most are reluctant to enforce a total ban, given that many passengers want to work during flights.The difficulty is predicting how electromagnetic fields might affect an aircrafts computers. Experts know that portable devices emit radiation which affects those wavelengths which aircraft use for navigation and communication. But, because they have not been able to reproduce these effects in a laboratory, they have no way of knowing whether the interference might be dangerous or not.The fact that aircraft may be vulnerable to interference raises the risk that terrorists may use radio systems in order to damage navigation equipment. As worrying, though, is the passenger who cant hear the instructions to turn off his radio because the musics too loud.22. What is said about the over 100 aircraft incidents in the past 15 years?A. They may have taken place during take-off and landing.B. They may have been caused by the damage to the radio systems.C. They were suspected to have resulted from electromagnetic interference.D. They were proved to have been caused by the passengers portable computers.24. Why is it difficult to predict the possible effects of electromagnetic fields on an airplanes computers?A. Because experts lack adequate equipment to do such research.B. Because it is extremely dangerous to conduct such research on an airplane.C. Because it remains a mystery what wavelengths are liable to be interfered with.D. Because research scientists have not been able to produce the same effects in labs.文章中的第22题,正确选择项(C)中的have resulted from与原文中的have been caused为同义短语。又如24题正确选择项(D)中的produce与原文because they have not been able to Reproduce these effects in a laboratory句中的 reproduce为同义关系。2) 正确选择项是原文中相关信息的反义关系如1995年6月CET-4中的第4篇(参见3、概括性推理 实例剖析 Passage 1)中的第40题:例2 40. It can be concluded from Dr. Duboss remarks that _.A. people find invisible diseases difficult to deal with B. attacks by hidden enemies tend to be fatalC. diseases with obvious signs are easy to cureD. people tend to overlook hidden dangers caused by pesticides正确选择项(D)中的overlook正好与原文中的impressed形成反义关系,hidden dangers 与原文中的obvious signs同样形成反义关系,即: 人们对有明显症状的病最关心,反过来说,他们对杀虫剂造成的潜在危害往往忽视了。3) 正确选择项是原文中生词的解释关系正确选择项是对原文中出现的某个不太熟悉的词的解释。如1999年6月CET-4中的第2篇中的第28题:(参见词汇词义辨别题中的文章) 例328. The word “provincial” (Line 2, Para.3) most probably means “_”.A. limited in outlookB. like people from the provincesC. rigid in thinkingD. interested in world financial affairs一般来说“and”连词所连接的前后两个成分的内容通常一致。当take more of an interest in local affairs作为与provincial前后并列出现时, provincial已可以确定为“美国人只对自己的或局部的事物感兴趣,而对外界缺乏关注”的词义了,因此,正确选择项(A) limited in outlook就是对 provincial这个词的释义。4)正确选择项是原文中长句、难句的解释关系阅读理解文章中个别句子比较难,有的句子很长,且结构复杂,有的句子表达比较抽象,且生词较多;而有些问题的设计就是要求理解这些句子,其答案就是对这些句子的解释。例4Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. 这一句话长达47个单词,针对这句话设计了如下问题:The growth of limited liability companies resulted in _.A. the separation of capital from managementB. the ownership of capital by managersC. the emergence of capital and labour as two classesD. the participation of shareholders in municipal business问题的正确选择项(A)就是上述这一长句的释义。当然,要理解这一长句没有一定的语言水平很难做到。5)正确选择项是对原文主题思想的归纳在解答问题,正确选择项不可能在文章中的某个句子中直接找到相关的信息,它需要通过对原文中的例证的归纳、对原文叙述归纳、对文章对某一段落大意的归纳,对文章的主题思想归纳后才能得到。例5 (文章参见概括、归纳主题思想的能力 中的例句)The main idea of the passage is that _.A) teachers should do as little as possible in helping students learn to readB) teachers should encourage students to read as widely as possibleC) reading ability is something acquired rather than taughtD) reading is more complicated than generally believed在通读全文后,即可发现文章第一段最后一句:Reading can not be taught directly是文章的主题句(Topic sentence),而其他各段均是来论证这一主题的。因此,正确选择项(C)就是对整篇文章的主题思想的归纳,表达比较笼统。6) 正确选择项是对作者所持观点的归纳作者的观点往往不会轻易地在文章直接表达出来,而是通过读者对他(她)描述的事或人来概括推理的;问题中往往用一个词高度概括了作者的观点,如1990年1月第4篇 (文章参见作者观点、态度归纳 实例解剖 Passage 1)例636. In the passage the authors attitude towards “mixed-ability teaching” is _.A. critical C. approvingB. questioning D. objective正确选择项(C)表示持“赞同的”态度。根据第一段内容,尤其是前二句中的动词选择:rarely held back, enrich, 可以归纳作者对“混合编班”持“赞同”态度。7) 正确选择项是对原言语中相关信息的推理正确选择项往往要求读者通过信息的表层意思去理解隐含在其中的深层意思。如1993年6月CET-4 第1篇 (文章参见概括性推理实例剖析Passage 2)例722. It can be inferred from the passage that _.A. compared with other hospitals nurses at Beth Israel Hospital are more patientB. in most hospitals patient care is inadequate from the professional point of viewC. in most hospitals nurses get low salariesD. compared with other hospitals nurses have to work longer hours at Beth Israel Hospital正确选择项(B)是对文章第1段最后一句句意的推理:“如果我们确要解决护理工作不足(不充分)的问题,那么各地医院的行政部门和医生最好还是效法一下Beth Israel医院的榜样”,据此可以推断:护理不充分是一个普遍存在问题。3 错误选择项有何特点上面讨论了正确选择项的特征,下面谈一谈错误选择项的特点,这同样有益于帮助我们更好地理解文章。1) 相同的词汇,错误的信息如1999年6月份的第一篇文章(见例1)第22题中的A),B)选项提供的信息均为错误,他们具有一定的欺骗性,因为这两个选择项中的信息表达均出现了文章反复提及的词汇,如take-off and landing, caused, damage, radio等,但这些词汇所传递的信息与题目所要求信息相比是错误的。2) 相同的信息,错误的范围在问题中出现的信息与原文中的信息相同或相似,但并不属于问题提问中所涉及的范围,如上文22题中的A)项They may have taken place during take-off and landing是指RTCA这一机构建议在所有航行上禁止在飞行的关键时刻使用这类仪器,尤其是起飞和着陆的时候;这一信息并不指在过去15年中100多起飞行事故是在起飞与着陆过程中发生的。因此,我们不应被相同的信息所迷惑。3) 无中生有的信息有些错误选择项中的信息是原文中根本没有提及的,尽量信息的表达中夹杂着一些文中出现的词汇,如上文第23题中的B),文中根本没有提及the passenger dont believe there is such a danger as radio interference 这一信息。再如本文24题中的A),B)两选择项中信息也是文本没有提及的信息。对于这类错误选择项,我们只要不渗杂自己的观点,便可容易排除的。4) 以偏概全的信息以偏面或不完全的信息来概括完整的信息,这一错误选择项往往出现在主题思想题中以及一些具体信息题中,如上文22题D)项就是用passengers portable computer这一具体的小概念要涵盖, electromagnetic interference这一比较笼统的大概念; 再如,99年1月份第3篇文章例8The appeal of advertising to buying motives can have both negative and positive effects. Consumers may be convinced to buy a product of poor quality or high price because of an advertisement. For example, some advertisers have appealed to peoples desire for better fuel economy for their cars by advertising automotive products that improve gasoline mileage. Some of the products work. Others are worthless and a waste of consumers money.Sometimes advertising is intentionally misleading. A few years ago a brand of bread was offered to dieter with the message that there were fewer calories in every slice. It turned out that the bread was not dietetic, but just regular bread. There were fewer calories because it was sliced very thin, but there were the same number of calories in every loaf.On the positive side, emotional appeals may respond to a consumers real concerns. Consider fire insurance. Fire insurance may be sold by appealing to fear of loss. But fear of loss is the real reason for fire insurance. The security of knowing that property is protected by insurance makes the purchase of fire insurance a worthwhile investment for most people. If consumers consider the quality of the insurance plans as well as the message in the ads, they will benefit from the advertising.Each consumer must evaluate her or his own situation. Are the benefits of the product important enough to justify buying it? Advertising is intended to appeal to consumers, but it does not force them to buy the product. Consumers still control the final buying decision.35. The passage is mainly about _.A. how to make a wise buying decisionB. ways to protect the interests of the consumerC. the positive and negative aspects of advertisingD. the function of advertisements in promoting sales正确选择项(C)归纳了该篇文章的主题, 而错误选择项A)只是文章中的一个细节,D)项也很明显,只是讲到文章主题的一个方面,即广告的好处,也就是广告的积极方面,不能概括文章的主题广告的积极与消极方面。5) 超越文章主题的信息有些错误选择项,尤其是中心思想,作者的观点、文章写作的目的等归纳题的选择项中,往往出现一些很笼统,范围超出了文章所讨论的内容的选择项。如1998年6月份第2篇文章 (文章参见文章写作目的归纳 阅读技能讲座?写作目的归纳实例解剖Passage 2)例930.The authors purpose in writing this passage is _.A. to stress the impact of the computer on societyB. to explain the concept of computer literacyC. to illustrate the requirements for being competent citizens of tomorrowD. to emphasize that computer programming is an interesting and challenging job正确选择项应为B项,归纳了作者写这篇文章的目的是解释计算机能力的概念。而A)项和C)项则归纳的范围大了一点,文章没有强调计算机对社会的影响以及阐述做未来有能力的人所需具备的要求。4 阅读时如何在文章中圈划阅读文章时用铅笔在试卷上把一些重要的词、句划下来,或圈出来,作些标记,是非常必要的,这样做也不至于读完了文章,什么都忘了。那么哪些信息需要画圈,哪些词句需要划线,哪些内容是重要的、关键的,在答题时需要派上用处的呢?一般来说,文章的中心思想句或主题句应圈划,因为一篇文章的中心思想是体现在中心思想句或主题句中,抓住主题句,对于整篇文章的理解,对于准确地答题是至关重要的。不仅主题思想问题,如Whats the main idea of this passage? 或The best title for this passage is _. 等均与主题句密切相关,而且文章中的一些重要信息均是围绕这一主题展开的。文章的主题句一般出现在文章的开头,能高度概括文章主题的。如99年1月CET-4第3篇(见例8)文章一开头:The appeal of advertising to buying motives can, have both negative and positive effects. 这一句子就高度概括了文章的主题:广告有消极的与积极的作用。文章接着论述了广告的消极作用(第2段)及积极作用(第3段),而且问题35就问到“The passage is mainly about _.” 其正确选择项C):“the positive and negative aspects of advertising”, 与主题句完全吻合。因此,读懂文章的开头句并圈划出来对理解整篇文章起到关键作用。其次,文章中的一些信号词可圈划,因为这些词本身比较突出、醒目,在阅读过程中容易发现,而且它们展示了各种语义关系并能帮助我们预测下面所要讨论的内容以及上下文的逻辑关系,从而使我们更好地理解句子的表面意思,更能使我们更好地理解句子之间、段落之间的内在关系,如看到one reason, the reason for, 就知道下文是分析原因;读到the most striking characteristic /feature is就可以反推上面讨论的是某一事物或某人的一些特点,而下文将讨论其 “最明显的特征”,同时又可归纳出文章的主题是在讨论“某物或某人的特征”。再如nevertheless, however, on the country等信号词引出上下文相反的论述或观点;similarly或equally讲述了同一话题的另一方面;for example, for instance, a case in point 等引出的是说明上文中论点的具体特征;in summary, in a word, in short 引出的是对上述讨论的概括、归纳。在阅读过程中把这些词、短语圈划出来,不仅帮助我们加深对文章意义的理解,提高阅读效率,同时也帮助我们做题查读时设立醒目的标志;圈划的过程也是积极思考的过程,这样阅读完文章也不至于读完了文章,把主要信息给忘了。5 怎样理解文章中的长句、难句?在阅读文章时,我们时常遇到一些句子很长,且结构较为复杂、阅读上有一定难度的句子,而这些句子又是包含着文章中的主要信息,我们不得不花时间,下功夫去理解。那么怎样才能比较有效地理解这样的句子呢?首先要树立信心。不要见到长句难句就失去信息,相信根据自己的水平,通过适当的方法,是可以去理解的。第二,分析句子结构。把长句、复杂句中的主干成份圈出来,然后再分析其修饰成份或并列成份,这样能把握长难句传递的主要信息是什么。例10The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.这个句子长达41个词,而且结构复杂,尽管没有太多的主从句,但理解起来比较困难。我们仔细阅读此句,首先把主干成份The charge met the technical requirementsand prevented the decline in efficiency圈出来,这是长句的中心思想,然后再分析其它成份by engaging是状语,in efficiency后的that从句为定语从句,修饰the decline,进一步说明前面的先行词;after短语又是一个状语。这样一分析,结构比较清晰,句意也比较清楚了。即使有问题问到相关信息,又比较容易解答。第三,分析文章的写作框架,也就是文章的组织结构,结合上下文,抓住能理解的关键信息,从而达到理解整个长句难句的句意,如:例11Papouseks light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would smile and bubble when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control. (1993年6月 CET-4第2篇文章的最后一段) 整个一段包含二个长句难句,但段落结构告诉我们前一句为例证,后一句为结论(concluded that可显示);抓住了这一写作特征,去理解两个长句难句的主要信息,即第一句中的interesting observation: not turn back to watch the lights; 由此得出结论:not the sight of lights pleased them, (but) the success in solving the problem; a fundamental human urge, under intentional control 两个长句难句包含了90个单词,且结构较复杂,有并列句、从句、分词短语等。但只要分析文章的框架,理解关键信息词(29个词左右,占1/3)整个句意就比较明了。因此,在理解长句难句主干信息的基础上,再去理解其它信息,阅读就容易多了。即使有问题涉及到对长句难句的理解,通过这样方法,也比较容易找到答案。如针对例11那段文章设问:29. The babies would smile and bubble at the lights because _.A. the lights were directly relate

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