外文翻译-汽车车内空气质量检测.doc

密 级分类号编 号成 绩本科生毕业设计 (论文)外 文 翻 译原 文 标 题Study Summary of Pollutants Inside Vehicles译 文 标 题车内空气污染研究综述作者所在系别机电工程学院作者所在专业车辆工程作者所在班级B13141作 者 姓 名董士礼作 者 学 号201322315指导教师姓名何涛指导教师职称副教授完 成 时 间2017年3月北华航天工业学院教务处制译文标题车内空气污染研究综述原文标题Study Summary of Pollutants Inside Vehicles作 者William P. Hastings译 名威廉姆.哈斯汀国 籍美国原文出处United States Patent摘要：汽车在现代社会中扮演着重要的角色,同时,车内污染也可能是现代社会中人体健康的最主要的威胁之一。世界各国对汽车内的污染开展了不少研究,研究结论表明:汽车行驶在尾气排放“隧道”的中央,车内的人受害最重,加之汽车内置材料可能释放出的有害气体,内外夹击的车内污染会给人体健康带来严重威胁。污染物包括可吸入颗粒物、霉菌、种类繁多的化学物质。污染与汽车的型号、使用年限、燃料、交通拥挤状况、天气和海拔高度等诸多因素有关。为了减少污染带来的危害,一些健康驾驶的建议被提出关键词：汽车内部 空气污染 健康驾驶1各国对于空气污染研究的投入参加车内污染研究的部门,从科研机构、大学,到政府环保、卫生健康机构;被考察的车辆从私人轿车、公共交通车、到学校专用车、交通警车;被考察的人群从路旁行人、骑自行车的人,到驾驶员、乘客,以及特殊人群如儿童、终日在汽车上工作的人员;开展研究的地区从美国英国、到澳大利亚、新西兰以及亚洲国家。由于此项研究直接关系到广大人群的健康和生活质量,研究成果除了见诸于学术期刊、政府机构报告,也在因特网上广为传播。例如:爱尔兰的汽车网站http :PPi rishcar. comPICCstuffPICCsitePenvirPfordmondeoad. htm , 加拿大网站www. hc2sc. gc. caPhecs - sescPt sriP researchPtsri 551htm ,美国环保局室内空气网站http :PPwww. epa. govPiaq ,美国加州环保局网站http :PPwww. calepa. ca. govP,美国生产催化转化器的Corning 公司网站http :PPwww. corning. comPEnvironmentalTechnologiesP,绿色和平组织网站www.fish. comP jymPgreenpeacePpollution2inside2cars. html ,清洁驾驶横跨德克萨斯州网站http :PPwww. drive2cleanacrosstexas. org ,澳大利亚政府的环境与遗产部网站http :PPwww. deh. gov. auPi ndex. html ,美国联邦公路局的网站http :PPwww. fhwa. dot . govPenvironmentPaqfactbkPfacttoc. htm。http :PPwww. PnozonePj sp 网站把家庭污染、学校污染、工作场所污染和车内污染单独列项,作为室内污染的内容。香港网站http :PPwww. cleartheair. org. hk 在介绍汽车内污染时调侃,由于车内污染更为严重,在车内不要忘记带防毒面具! 在澳大利亚,除了研究机构的参与,还有社会上个人的参入,例如在阿德莱德、悉尼、摩尔本、佩思有50 名志愿者参加苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯(BETX) 污染的研究。另有200 名参加者携带小型检测仪器进行夏天和冬天各5 天的监测。2001 年澳大利亚的研究机构CRISO ,发表了他们两年的研究结果,国产的新车的可挥发有机物浓度严重超标,新车使用者出现各种病状。由于巡警每天驾车时间长达9 h ,2001 年由美国环保局、北卡罗莱那州高速公路巡警队、教堂山市北卡罗莱那大学共同开展一个合作项目,在12条高速公路上日常执勤的巡逻队进行一项为期6周的污染物暴露情况的研究,并对其健康后果进行评估。科研人员还对12 名正常执勤的巡警进行监测,以确定他们在执勤前、执勤过程中、及完成执勤任务后的心、肺功能及其他指标。在美国环保局和汽车工业的资助下,马萨诸塞州波士顿市的健康影响因素研究所在新泽西州、德克萨斯州、加利福尼亚州各地的城市进行了一项包括对17 种羰基化合物在汽车内浓度分析的研究监测。2001 年在柴油燃料新闻杂志上发表了“儿童乘坐柴油和天然气燃料车时中毒的研究”的文章。加州空气资源署花费50 万美元,研究孩子们在等车、乘坐校车时受到的污染。研究结果用于作为未来制定关于儿童的空气质量法规的依据。在2001年度日本室内环境研讨会上,吉田俊明报告了对一种日产的新车污染的检测结果。2003 年加拿大Carleton 大学的Karman 研究了街道角落、汽车内部、停车库顶部的微环境污染。两个公交车和两个义务小轿车被使用,在2 月和7月里,雇佣研究生和助教采样,然后在实验室进行分析。2003 年香港大学Chan 报道了对于3 种通风模式、4 种不同路况下的一氧化碳、氮氧化物的车内和车外浓度的关系,使用了一辆轻型货车,开展了为时5 个月行驶80 次的监测分析。2003 年美国加州大学的Marion 在暴露分析和流行病学杂志上发表汽车内可挥发有机物的最新研究结果。2003 年国内首例车内环境污染案件在法院审理。深圳市计量质量检测研究院的检测显示,新车甲醛超标严重,可达10 倍以上。中科国环环境技术研究中心广州分中心对2 000 辆车进行检测, 9215 %的车辆都存在空气质量问题。北京联合大学应用文理学院室内环境检测中心在通过计量认证,取得CMA 标志后,随即开始了汽车污染的有关的研究。2004 年2 月北京劳动保护研究所室内环境检测中心,对52 辆新车和54 辆旧车的甲醛、苯系物和其他可挥发有机物进行了检测。汽车内空气污染严重,检测的106 辆车中,甲醛、苯、甲苯和二甲苯都不超标的车辆仅有30 辆,超标的车辆占72 %。2研究的结论：2.1车内的人承受着更大的污染在1983 年Tonkelaar 就指出,无论在城镇或高速路上,汽车内污染是离公路50100 m 处污染的18 倍。1989 年Hickman 在研究人暴露在一氧化碳和氮氧化物环境中的文章里指出,来自英、欧、美的资料都显示,驾驶员和乘客受到比骑自行车和行人高10 倍的污染。1991 年Chan 的研究表明,一氧化碳和氮氧化物值超出了世界卫生组织推荐安全值上限。一氧化碳值甚至超过了车外环境值的8 倍。1998 年加州环保局报告,洛杉矶地区车内可吸入颗粒物为2183616gPm3 ,公交车内浓度比固定监测站报道值高35 倍。1997 年英国ETA 的综述中指出,使用公路的人员都暴露在比城市本底空气污染更高的水平上。和一般的看法相左,对比行人、骑自行车的人甚至乘坐公共交通车的人,小轿车驾驶员和乘车者会接触更严重的污染。2.2污染的种类车内污染包括可吸入颗粒物、数目繁多的有害气体和霉菌等,它们来源于新的仪表盘、密封胶、地毯、泡沫软垫、人造皮革等,材料老化或在加热时也会有气体释出;除臭剂、清洁剂等也可能造成污染;此外还有燃料的泄漏和来自引擎排放的气体和颗粒物。美国联邦公路局的网站报道了来自引擎喷发和燃料挥发两种途径的污染。汽车在行程1211 km测试过程中,汽车冷启动产生413 g 可挥发有机物(VOC) , 行驶中尾气排放613 gVOC ,在行驶过程和冷却时候,由于燃料挥发逸出,还有213 gVOC 释放出来。1995 年新泽西州的专题研讨会上,科学仪器公司报告在一辆全新的林肯Continental 车内发现了100 多种挥发性有机化合物,其中包括十二烷、苯乙烯、苯酚等。两个月后,浓度虽然大幅度下降,但还是不难检测到。澳大利亚和新西兰环境保护会议(ANZECC) 认为汽车污染化合物品种太多,选择了28 种化合物作为优先考虑的监测化合物,见表2。总挥发有机物为一大类化合物,其中包括丙烯醛、丙烯腈、苯、甲乙酮、苯乙烯、四氯乙烷、三氯乙烷、甲苯、二甲苯、甲苯基二异氰酸酯等等。2.3关于一氧化碳和二氧化碳一氧化碳是燃料不完全燃烧造成的,如前所述,很多研究报道了一氧化碳的严重超标。2004 年检测数据显示,北京内城街道路口的TVOV 超标不严重,但是一氧化碳平均浓度超标一般可达23倍,最高可达7 倍。戴的文章还指出,由于呼吸造成的二氧化碳的累计不可忽视。关闭的汽车内部数分钟后,二氧化碳就超过了011 %的限量值。人数越多,二氧化碳浓度上升的速率越快。几十分钟后二氧化碳甚至超标数十倍。一个坐着工作的人,每小时可呼出18 L二氧化碳, 轿车内部体积通常约为2 000 3 000 L。汽车处于长时间的封闭状态,二氧化碳严重超标,造成驾驶员的神志恍惚,增大发生交通事故的可能性。在较低温度下,人对于污浊空气的敏感度降低,车内冷风开启时,有害气体的超标问题,更容易被忽视。2.4关于可吸入颗粒物对于直径在10m 以下的颗粒污染物质,1997年在加利福尼亚进行的研究中,测得的浓度在2110gPm3 之间,低于美国环保局150gPm3 的标准。但是由技术评估国际中心于1995 年在阿姆斯特丹进行的一项研究中, 测得的浓度水平却高达194gPm3 。1998 年加州环保局报告汽车内可吸入颗粒物浓度为2183616gPm3 ,靠近公路的浓度为017715gPm3 ;学校中浓度为019515gPm3 。2.5温度和污染物的关系车内污染物浓度随温度升高而急剧增加,原因主要是车内材料有害气体的释放随温度而增加。2004 年Marion 报告,从26 上升到63 时,TVOC浓度至少增加5 倍。2004 年戴的研究显示温度增加10 ,污染物浓度近乎上升1 倍。温度很高时,即使是使用多年的车辆中,有害气体的浓度也很高。3健康驾驶的建议：人们针对汽车的污染,提出了不少减少污染的建议,例如:对于购买新车的人,除了通常的性能考虑外,对于出厂汽车的环保指标不可掉以轻心。自己进行汽车的后装饰时,注意选择无污染材料。新车或新装饰后的汽车,特别是在头半年内要注意通风换气,尽快使车内可挥发气体释放干净。必要时,到检测部门进行检查。合理地减少空调的使用,在开启空调和暖风时,使用车内外空气交流模式。尽量避免长时间使用车内自循环模式。不在车内吸烟,如果吸烟了,要保证通风良好。在车身冷的时候灌满油箱,以减少挥发。不要超量灌油,拧紧油箱盖,避免油的泄漏。车轮调整平行,保持轮胎充气压力合适。定期更换空气过滤器和清理油路,修补车子的漏洞。尽可能地平缓变速, 快速加速和急促停车导致耗油多出39 % ,节约时间仅为4 % ,应当避免野蛮驾驶。在开一辆车时尽量多办几件事。合伙驾车,例如两人驾车节约燃料30 % ,减少污染50 % 。不需要时,移走车顶行李架,拿出不必要的东西,以减少车的负载。尽量使用公共交通、自行车或步行。少驾车,特别是在交通高峰时期和热天里。参考文献1 Tonkelaar D W. Exposure of Car Passengers to CO , NO , NO2 , Benzene , Toluene and LeadR . Netherlands : TNO Research Insti2tute for Environmental Hygiene , Delft , 1983.2 Dropkin D. Sampling of automobile interiors for organic emissionsR . s. l. : U S Environmental Protection Agency , 1985.58 北京联合大学学报(自然科学版) 2004年6月3 Witz S , Wood J , WadleyM. Toxic metal and hydrocarbon concentrations in automobile interiors during freeway transit Z . Paper pre2sented at the American Chemical Society National Meeting in Anaheim , CA ,1986.4 Akland G, Ott W. Human exposure assessment : background concepts , purpose and overview of the Washington , DC2Denver , COfield studies Z . The 77th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association , s. l. ,1987.5 Chan C C , Ozkaynak H , Spengler J D , et al . Driver exposure to volatile organic compounds , ozone , carbon monoxide , and nitrogendioxide under different driving conditionsJ . Environmental Science and Technology ,1991 ,25 (5) :964 - 972.6 Hickman A J . Personal Exposures to Carbon Monoxides and Oxides of Nitrogen , Research Report 206R . Berkshire : Transport andRoad Research Laboratory ,1989.7 Shikiya D C , Liu C S , Kahn M I , et al . In2vehicle air toxics characterization study in the south coast air basinR . El Monte , CA:South Coast Air Quality Management District , 1989.8 Chan C C , Spengler J D , Ozkaynak H. Commuter exposures to VOCs in Boston , MassachusettsJ . J Air Waste Manage Assoc ,1991a , (41) : 1594 - 1600.9 Chan C C , Ozkaynak H , Spengler J D , et al . Driver exposure to volatile organic compounds , CO , ozone , and NO2 under differentdriving conditionsJ . Environ Sci Technol , 1991b , (25) : 964 - 972.10 Wilson A. Air toxics micro - environment exposure and monitoring study R . El Monte , CA: South Coast Air Quality ManagementDistrict , 1991.11 Weisel C P , Lawryk N J , Lioy P J . Exposure to emissions from gasoline within automobile cabinsJ . J Expos Anal Environ Epide2miol , 1992 , 2 (1) : 79 - 96.12 Lawryk NJ , Lioy P J , Weisel C P. Exposure to volatile organic compounds in the passenger compartment of automobiles during peri2ods of normal and malfunctioning operationJ . J Expos Anal Environ Epidemiol , 1995 , 5 (4) : 511 - 531.13 Jo W K, Choi SJ . Vehicle occupants exposure to aromatic volatile organic compounds while commuting in an urban2suburban routein KoreaJ . J Air Waste Manage Assoc , 1996 , (46) : 749 - 754.14 California Environmental Protection Agency. Measuring concentrations of selected air pollutants inside California vehicles R . Cali2fornia :California EPA , 1998b.15 Jo W K, Park K H. Concentrations of volatile organic compounds in the passenger side and the back seat J . J Expos Anal EnvironEpidemiol , 1999 ,9 (3) :217 - 227.16 Batterman S A , Braun J , Peng C , et al . Exposure to urban air toxics during commuting : a field study in the motor cityC . Air &Waste Management Association 93rd Annual Meeting , Salt Lake City , 2000.17 Assessment and standards division office of transportation and air quality US Environmental Protection AgencyA . In :Control ofEmissions of Hazardous Air Pollutants from Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle FuelsR . s. l. :EPA , 2000.18 Rodes C , Sheldon L , Whitaker D , et al . Measuring Concentrations of Selected Air Pollutants Inside California VehiclesJ . Journalof the Air and Waste Managem ent Association , 2001 , (51) : 809 - 847.19 Marion J F , Brent D K. Measurement of volatile organic compounds inside automobilesJ . Journal of Exposure Analysis and Envir2onmental Epidemiology , 2003 ,13 (1) :31 - 34.20 Chan A T, Michael WC. Indoor2outdoor air quality relationships in vehicle : effect of driving environment and ventilation modesL .Atmospheric Environmen , 2003 , (37) : 3795 - 3808.附录：FOUR-WHEEL ALIGNMENT SYSTEMAbstract: Automobile plays an important role in the modern society. Meanwhile, it is also one of the most serious threats to human health in modern society. The world of pollution in the car to carry out a lot of research, the conclusion of the study showed that vehicle emissions in the tunnel central, car people suffer the most harmful gas, combined with the automobile built material may be released from the inside and outside attack car pollution to human health caused a serious threat. Contaminants include inhalable particles, molds, and a wide variety of chemicals. Pollution is related to many factors such as the type of vehicle, service life, fuel, traffic congestion, weather and altitude. In order to reduce the harm caused by pollution, some suggestions for healthy driving are put forwardKeywords: Automotive interior Air pollution Healthy driving 1 Investment in air pollution research by countryIn pollution of the car sector, from the scientific research institutions, universities, government, environmental health institutions; inspected vehicle school from the private car, public transport vehicles, special vehicles, traffic police to be investigated; people from the roadside pedestrians and cyclists, to drivers, passengers, and special people such as children, all work in the car on the staff; to carry out the study area from the United States, Britain, New Zealand and Australia to Asian countries.Since the study is directly related to peoples health and quality of life, the research not only reflected in the report of academic journals, government agencies, also on the Internet spread. For example: Ireland website http: PPi rishcar. comPICCstuffPICCsitePenvirPfordmondeoad. auto HTM, Canada www. hc2sc. gc. caPhecs website - sescPt sriP researchPtsri 551htm, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency website: PPwww. epa. HTTP indoor air govPiaq, California Environmental Protection Bureau website: http PPwww. calepa. ca. govP, the production of catalytic converter: PPwww. corning. http Corning company website comPEnvironmentalTechnologiesP, green Greenpeace website www.fish. jymPgreenpeacePpollution2inside2cars. HTML comP, clean driving across Texas website: http PPwww. drive2cleanacrosstexas. org, the Australian Government Department of the environment and heritage site: http PPwww. deh. Gov. auPi ndex. HTML, the Federal Highway Administration website: http PPwww. fhwa. dot govPenvironmentPaqfactbkPfacttoc. HTM. Http: PPwww. PnozonePj SP website, the school family pollution pollution, workplace pollution and pollution in the car as a separate item, the content of indoor pollution. Hongkong website http: PPwww. cleartheair. org. HK in the introduction of the car when the pollution ridicule, due to the more serious pollution in the carDont forget to wear a gas mask!In Australia, in addition to research institutions and social participation, personal participation, for example, in Adelaide, Sydney, Melbourne, Perth 50 volunteers participated in benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BETX) pollution research. Another 200 participants with a small test equipment for the summer and winter of each of the 5 days of monitoring. In 2001 Australia CRISO research institutions, published their findings for two years, the domestic car VOCs concentration seriously exceed the standard, new users appear all sorts of symptoms.The patrol every day driving time of up to 9 h in 2001 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, North Carolina highway patrol, Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University jointly launched a cooperation project, study on 12 highway patrol on duty daily for a period of 6 weeks of pollutant exposure, and evaluate the health consequences. The researchers also monitored 12 normal duty patrol officers to determine their heart, lung function and other indicators before duty, on duty, and on duty.In the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the automobile industry under the support of city Factors Research Institute in New Jersey and Texas, California, Boston City, around the health effects of Massachusetts conducted a concentration of 17 carbonyl compounds in the car analysis monitoring.In 2001, in the Journal of diesel fuel news, the article published a study on the poisoning of children in diesel and gas fuel vehicles. The California air resources department spent $500 thousand to study the pollution of children waiting for buses and school buses. The results are used as a basis for future development of air quality regulations for children.At the 2001 annual indoor environment conference in Japan, Yoshida Jung reported the results of a test of a new Nissan car.In 2003 Carleton of the University of Karman in Canada studied the environmental pollution of the corner of the street, the interior of the car, and the top of the garage. Two buses and two voluntary cars were used in February and in the year of July, and graduate students and assistants were sampled and analyzed in the laboratory.University of Hong Kong in 2003 Chan reported for the relationship between the 3 kinds of ventilation mode, 4 different conditions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides concentration inside and outside of the car, using a van, to carry out monitoring and analysis of 80 driving for 5 months.In 2003, Marion of the University of California in the United States published the latest research results of volatile organic compounds in the Journal of exposure analysis and epidemiology.2003 the first case of domestic environmental pollution cases in court. Shenzhen Institute of Metrology and quality testing show that the new car formaldehyde serious, up to 10 times. Central Branch of the National Center for environmental technology research center Guangzhou branch of the 2000 vehicles were detected, 9215% of the vehicles are air quality problems. College of Applied Arts and Sciences of Beijing Union University in the indoor environment test center through the measurement certification, CMA mark, then began to research about automobile pollution.In February 2004, the indoor environment testing center of Beijing Labor Protection Research Institute, the formaldehyde, benzene and other volatile organic compounds of 52 new cars and 54 old cars were tested. Serious air pollution in the car, the detection of 106 cars, formaldehyde, benzene, toluene and xylene are not exceeding the vehicle is only 30, exceeding the vehicle accounted for 72%.2 Research conclusions：2.1 People in the car are under greater pollutionIn 1983, Tonkelaar pointed out that, regardless of the city or the highway, the car is 50 times the pollution from the highway to 100 m pollution of 18 times. In 1989 Hickman of people exposed to carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides in the environment in the article pointed out that from the British, European and American data show that the driver and passengers is 10 times higher than the bike and pedestrian pollution. 1991 Chan study showed that carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxidationThe value of the material exceeds the WHO recommended safety limit. Carbon monoxide value even more than 8 times the value of the outside environment. 1998 California Environmental Protection Agency reported that the Losangeles area of respirable particulate matter in the car for 218 3616 gPm3, the concentration of the bus than the fixed station reported a high value of 3 to 5 times. In a 1997 review of the British ETA, the use of roads was exposed to higher levels of air pollution than urban background. And the general view at odds, comparison of pedestrians and cyclists to take public transportation or people, car drivers and passengers can contact more pollution.2.2 Types of pollutionCar pollution including PM10, the number of the harmful gases and mould, which comes from the new dashboard, sealants, foam cushion, carpet, artificial leather, material aging or in heating gas will be released; deodorant, cleaning agents may cause pollution; in addition to fuel the leak and from the gas engine emissions and particulate matter.The Federal Highway Administrations website reports two ways of pollution from engine eruptions and fuel evaporation. The car in the travel of 1211 km during the test, the car cold start to produce 413 g volatile organic compounds (VOC), vehicle emissions of 613 gVOC, in the process of moving and cooling time, since the fuel volatilizes, and 213 gVOC released. At the 1995 New Jersey symposium, Scientific Instruments Inc reported the discovery of more than 100 volatile organic compounds in a new Lincoln Continental, including the presence of twelveAlkenes, phenols, etc. Two months later, although the concentration decreased significantly, but it is not difficult to detect.The Australian and New Zealand Conference on environmental protection (ANZECC) believes that there are too many varieties of automotive pollutants, and 28 compounds have been selected as the priority monitoring compounds, as shown in table 2. The total volatile orga