（课标通用）高考英语一轮复习 专题11 名词性从句教学案.doc

专题11名词性从句考纲展示命题探究基础点主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通过放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。主语从句的连接词在句中起主语作用的从句称为主语从句。连接主语从句的连接词主要有三类：从属连词、连接代词和连接副词。(1)从属连词从属连词主要有两个that, whether；从属连词在从句中不作任何成分。that he will come to the conference has excited every one of us.他要来参加会议使我们每一个人都十分激动。whether you can succeed depends on yourself.你是否能成功取决于你自己。特别提醒if一般(不在句首)引导主语从句。that引导主语从句不能省略。(2)连接代词连接代词在从句中起名词的作用，作主语、宾语、表语、定语等，一般表示疑问。 who谁，whom谁(宾格)，whose谁的，what什么，which哪一个，whoever无论是谁，whomever无论是谁(宾格)，whosever无论是谁的，whatever无论是什么，whichever无论是哪一个。what he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我们说什么还不清楚。whichever of you gets here first will get the prize.你们当中第一个到达这里的人将获得这个奖品。特别提醒主语为从句时，谓语动词一般要用单数形式；但如果what引导的从句作主语、代表复数概念时，谓语动词则常用复数形式。what we need is water.我们所需要的是水。what we need are useful books.我们所需要的是有用的书。(3)连接副词连接副词在从句中起副词的作用，作状语，一般表示疑问，但有时不表示疑问。when什么时候，where在哪里，why为什么，how如何，whenever无论是什么时候，wherever无论在哪里，however无论如何。where the english evening will be held has not yet been announced.英语晚会将在哪里举行还没有宣布。why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery.它们为什么突然消失还是个谜。重难点it作形式主语的主语从句(1)itbeadj.主语从句。常用于该句型的adj.有：necessary必要的likely可能的clear清楚的important重要的 possible可能的 right正确的wrong错误的 strange奇怪的 natural自然的certain肯定的 obvious明显的it_is_quite_clear_that the whole project is to fail.很清楚，整个项目就要失败。典例1it is by no means clear _the president can do to end the strike.答案what句意：总统可以采取什么措施来结束罢工一点儿都不清楚。此句中it是形式主语，代替后面的真正的主语从句，故设空处应填能够引导主语从句的连接词，由于从句中及物动词do后缺少宾语，故应使用连接代词what。(2)itbe名词/名词词组主语从句。常用于该句型的名词或名词词组有：shame遗憾pity可惜hope希望no wonder难怪 good news好消息it_is_a_shame_that we should have lost such an important customer.真遗憾我们失去了一位如此重要的客户。it_is_our_hope_that the two sides will work together.我们的希望是双方能够合作。(3)itbe过去分词主语从句。常用于该句型的过去分词有：said据说 believed被相信 reported据报道thought被认为 known所知it_is_said_that our school will hold a sports meet next week.据说我们学校下周要举行运动会。it_has_been_decided_that they should start the project next month.他们要在下个月开始这项工程已经定下来了。(4)it特殊动词/动词短语主语从句。常用于这种结构的特殊动词/动词短语有：seem看上去 appear显得 happen碰巧matter重要 turn out结果是it_happened_that a lion was hiding nearby.刚好有一头狮子躲在旁边。does it_matter_that i wont attend the meeting tomorrow?明天我不去参加会议要紧吗？典例2it doesnt matter _you turn right or left at the crossingboth roads lead to the park.答案whether句意：在十字路口无论你向左转还是右转都没关系两条路都通往公园。it是形式主语，设空处应填入引导主语从句的连接词，从句后半部分的连词or提示本题为whether.or.结构，表示“是还是”。典例3its no longer a question now _man can land on the moon.答案that句意：现在人类登上月球不再是问题。考查名词性从句，it为形式主语，后面的从句是真正的主语。由于引导词在从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用，故用that。考法综述了解名词性从句的基本用法，掌握各引导词的用法，辨析that与what，掌握it作形式主语的常见结构。命题法考查主语从句的引导词典例1_we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.答案how句意：我们如何理解事物与我们的感受有很大关系。分析句子结构可知，_we understand things 在句中作主语，是主语从句，根据句意可知，此处应用连接副词how。典例2what li bai, a great chinese poet, was born is known to the public, but some wont accept it._答案whatwhere依据语境可知，此处指有些人对大诗人李白的出生地存在质疑，分析句子结构可知，what li bai，.was born在句中作主语且其中只缺状语，因此改为where，引导主语从句。what引导名词性从句要在从句中作主、宾或表语。【解题法】(1)掌握各引导词在意义和功能上的差别。(2)在语篇型语法填空中，考查名词性从句的引导词是不给提示词的，考生要分析句子结构，找出主语部分，分析引导词在从句中所作成分和表达的意义。(3)在短文改错中，考查引导词的错用，掌握相似引导词的差别，如what和that等。从引导词在从句中所作成分和意义入手。a单句填空1exactly_the potato was introduced into europe is uncertain, but it was probably around 1565.答案when句意：马铃薯具体是在什么时候被引入欧洲的并不确定，但有可能是在1565年左右。由句意可知，后一分句是来补充说明前一分句中的不确定的内容的，根据“around 1565”可知是对时间进行提问，因此用when引导前面的主语从句。2i think_impresses me about his painting is the colours he uses.答案 what句意：我认为他的画给我印象最深的是他对色彩的运用。what引导主语从句，且在从句中作主语，表示“的”。3some people believe_has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future.答案what/whatever句意：一些人认为，不管是以前发生的还是现在发生的事情都会在将来重现。此处“_has happened before or is happening now”是主语从句，且从句中缺少主语，故填what/whatever。4_the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather.答案when句意：延误的飞机何时起飞很大程度上取决于天气状况。根据句意填连接副词when。5_makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer.答案what句意：使这本书非同寻常的是这位作家创造性的想象力。what在此处引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语。6_you are on good terms with your classmates will affect your mood.答案whether句意：你与同学相处得是否融洽会影响你的情绪。此处为主语从句，if表示“是否”且于句首时不引导主语从句。根据句意可知应用whether。7it suddenly occurred to me _i hadnt locked my door.答案that句意：我突然想起我没锁门。it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句。it occurs to sb. that意为“某人突然想起”。8as the spokeswoman said，_we should take action against them depends on what they will do.答案whether句意：正如女发言人所说的那样，我们是否应该针对他们采取行动取决于他们将会怎么做。本空需要用连接词引导主语从句，表示“是否”，因此用whether引导。9what made her so happy?_her son passed the college entrance examination.答案that句意：是什么使她这么快乐？她儿子通过高考了。答语为that引导的主语从句，引导词在从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用。10_will matter is not how many books you read, but how much you learn when you finish reading them.答案what句意：重要的不是你读了多少书，而是你读完书后学到了多少。从句子结构看，is前面是一个主语从句，从句中缺少主语，应用what。b单句改错1that you said at the meeting describes a bright future for the company._答案thatwhat句意：你在会上所说的话描述了公司的光明前途。分析句子结构可知，引导主语从句，且在从句中作宾语，故用what, that引导主语从句，在从句中不作成分。2it remains to be seen that the newly formed committees policy can be put into practice._答案thatwhether句意：这个新成立的委员会的政策能否实施还有待观察。分析句子结构可知，it 作形式主语，而真正的主语是后面的从句“that the newly formed committees policy can be put into practice”；再根据句意可判断，此处表示“是否”，故改为whether, that无意义。3it struck me most in the movie was the fathers deep love for his son._答案itwhat句意：这部电影最打动我的是父亲对他儿子深深的爱。“it struck me most in the movie”为主语从句，从句中缺少主语，表示“所的”，故用what，it不引导从句。4which one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it._答案whichwhichever句意：你们中任何一个人打破窗户都必须赔偿。根据题干中one of you可知，空处要用whichever修饰one, 指“你们中的任何一个人”。which指哪一个，表达疑问，故改为whichever。5it doesnt matter how many times you fail; that matters is how many times you stand up and try again._答案thatwhat句意：你失败多少次都不要紧；要紧的是你有多少次站起来并再次尝试。分析句子成分可知，“that matters”是主语从句，从句中缺少主语，指物，故用what引导。that不作成分。6we have learned from the story that which is most valuable is not what we have in our lives but who we have in our lives._答案whichwhat“which is most valuable”是主语从句，在宾语从句中作主语，根据语境可知，该主语从句缺少主语且表示事物，故用what。which指某一范围中的哪个或哪些。7it was never clear that the man hadnt reported the accident sooner._答案thatwhy句意：不清楚这个人为什么不早一点报告那起事故。此处需要连接副词引导主语从句并在从句中作原因状语，why表示“为什么”。故把that改为why。8the manager finally agreed to our new marketing proposals.it never occurred to me what you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind._答案whatthat答句表示“我根本就没想到你能说服他改变自己的看法”，句中it作形式主语，这里应该用that引导主语从句，连接词在从句中不作任何成份，也无意义。故把what改为that。基础点在句中起宾语作用的从句称为宾语从句(object clause)。宾语从句可分为三类：动词后的宾语从句、介词后的宾语从句、形容词后的宾语从句。1宾语从句的连接词i think (that) you should turn to the teacher for help.我认为你应该向老师求助。i wonder whether/if it is true.我想知道它是否是真的。i wonder what i can do for you.我不知道能为你做些什么。he didnt tell me when we would meet again.他没告诉我什么时候我们再相见。could you please show me how you operate the machine?你能给我展示一下如何操作这台机器吗？i dont know whom you should depend on.我不知道你该信任谁。典例1jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt _he could have expressed it differently.答案that句意：杰瑞不后悔给出评论，但是觉得自己本来可以用不同的方式来表达的。从句that he could have expressed it differently作felt的宾语，连接词that在从句中不作成分。故填that。特别提醒that引导宾语从句时，常被省去，但下列情况下不能省略：当that从句作介词的宾语时；动词后跟有多个that引导的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可以省略，引导第二个和以后几个从句的that不可省略；宾语从句前有插入语时；that引导的从句位于句首时。i know nothing about him except that he is from the countryside.除了他来自乡下以外，我对他一无所知。he said (that) he liked rain very much and that he wouldnt use an umbrella when it was raining.他说他非常喜欢雨，下雨天他都不愿打伞。we hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us.恰恰相反，我们希望他和我们待在家里。that our team will win, i believe.我相信我们队会赢。一般来说，能引导主语从句的连接词都能引导宾语从句。表疑问的宾语从句需要运用陈述句语序，但个别宾语从句本应运用陈述语序，但由于习惯而仍保持原疑问语序不变。i dont know what is the matter with the machine.我不知道这台机器怎么了。2动词后接宾语从句的用法(1)大多数及物动词及动词短语后可接宾语从句。we should keep in mind that there is no short cut to learning.我们应当牢记，学习是没有捷径的。(2)用it作形式宾语的宾语从句。一些动词后的宾语从句有宾语补足语时，则需要用it作形式宾语，而将that引导的宾语从句后置。常见的这类动词有：find发现feel感觉think认为consider考虑 believe相信 guess猜测suppose假定，设想 make使得i think it necessary that we drink plenty of boiled water every day.我认为我们每天喝大量开水是有必要的。the teacher made it a rule that all the cleaning should be finished before 7：30 every morning.老师规定每天早晨7：30之前所有的清扫工作必须结束。(3)动词hate, like, dislike, appreciate, enjoy等表示“喜欢”，“厌恶”的动词以及一些动词短语see to, depend on, rely on等常用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。i hate it_when they talk with their mouths full of food.我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话。i would appreciate it_if you can help me.如果你能帮助我，我将不胜感激。典例2you can always rely on_jack says, as he never tells a lie.答案what句意：你完全可以相信杰克的话，因为他从不说谎。what引导宾语从句作rely on的宾语，what在从句中作says的宾语。3介词后接宾语从句的用法(1)一般情况下介词后只能接wh类连接词引导的宾语从句。hell talk to us about what he saw in the usa.他将给我们讲述他在美国的见闻。典例3when she was awake, she found that she was standing on_seemed to be a piece of stone.答案what句意：当她醒来时，她发现自己好像正站在一块石头上。stand on后接宾语从句，宾语从句缺少引导词和主语，what在宾语从句中作主语，that引导的从句一般不作介词宾语。故填what。(2)in, but, except 等少数几个介词后可接由that引导的宾语从句，但此时介词和that已形成固定搭配，即in that因为，but that要不是，except that除了。the high income tax is harmful in_that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.所得税很高是有害的，因为它可能使人不愿意多赚钱。he would have failed but_that you helped him.若不是你帮助他，他会失败的。(but that意为“若不是，要不是”)4形容词后接宾语从句的用法(1)表示情感的形容词后可接宾语从句，如：afraid, certain, glad, pleased, sure, surprised, sorry, happy, confident, anxious, aware, convinced, determined, proud, worried, thankful, ashamed, annoyed, disappointed, hurt, content等。im very pleased that all of your family will come.我很高兴你们全家都会来。im sure that theyll make it in spite of the terrible weather.我确信尽管天气很不好，但他们会准时到达的。(2)sure后宾语从句的连接词that, whether, if的选择。当be sure用于肯定句时，其后的宾语从句的连接词常用that；当be sure用于否定句时，其后的宾语从句的连接词常用whether或if。are you sure that i wont bother you if i sit beside you?你确定我坐在你旁边不会打扰你吗？i am not sure whether i should write to him or not.我不确定要不要给他写信。重难点1宾语从句的时态(1)主句的谓语动词如果是一般现在时或一般将来时，从句的谓语动词可用任何所需要的时态。he says that he studies at school from monday to friday.他说他从周一至周五都在学校学习。he will tell us what happened to him during our absence.他会告诉我们我们不在的期间他出了什么事的。(2)主句的谓语动词是一般过去时时，从句的谓语动词要用相应的过去时态。the boy said that there were no classes on sunday afternoon.那个男孩说周日下午没有课。my chinese teacher asked me if i was reading the book red and black when he came in.我的语文老师问我他进来时我是否在读红与黑这本书。(3)如果从句表示客观事实或真理，不管主句的谓语动词是何种时态，从句都要用一般现在时。as a child, i was told that the moon has no light of its own. i didnt believe it.孩提时，人们告诉我月亮自身不会发光，我不相信。特别提醒学习宾语从句的时态的有关知识时要注意：若主句的谓语动词用一般现在时，从句的谓语动词须根据需要选用相应的时态；若主句的谓语动词用一般过去时，则从句的谓语动词也应用过去的某种时态(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时)；若从句的内容为客观事实、格言、谚语、真理等，从句的谓语动词的时态不受动词时态一致性原则的限制，仍然用一般现在时；若从句的内容为历史事实，从句的谓语动词用一般过去时。2宾语从句的否定转移(1)主句主语是第一人称，谓语动词think, believe, suppose, imagine, guess等后面的宾语从句中的否定词要转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定形式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定形式。i dont_think i can remember the 100 words within two hours.我想我不能在两小时内记住这100个单词。i dont_suppose that he likes it.我想他不喜欢它。(2)含有否定转移的句子变反意疑问句时有两种情况：若主句主语是第一人称，简短问句的主语和谓语应分别与宾语从句的主语和谓语保持一致；若主句主语不是第一人称，简短问句的主语和谓语应分别与主句的主语和谓语保持一致。i dont_think (that) he is interested in that thing, is he?我认为他对那件事不感兴趣，是吗？you dont_imagine he passed the exam, do you?你认为他没有通过这次考试，是吗？“i dont think/believe/suppose/expect so.”是常见的表达，但是没有“i dont hope/guess so.”，正确的表达应为“i hope/guess not.”。考法综述考查宾语从句主要集中在对引导宾语从句的各引导词的考查上，以及it作形式宾语的宾语从句的考查。命题法考查宾语从句的引导词典例1i truly believe _beauty comes from within.答案that句意：我真的相信美是发自内心的。分析句子结构可知，_beauty comes from within在句中作believe的宾语，是宾语从句，不缺少句子成分，故填that。典例2as natural architects, the pueblo indians figured out exactly what thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days._答案whathow根据语境和形容词thick可知应用how引导宾语从句，表示程度。此处表示要弄清楚到底土坯房的墙需要“多”厚。故把what改为how。【解题法】(1)分析句子结构，找出主句谓语，判断从句类别。掌握各引导词在意义、功能上的差别。(2)在语篇型语法填空中，要分析设空处在从句中的成分和意义，结合整个主句的结构和意义，从而找到合适的引导词。(3)在短文改错中，先分析主句结构，再分析从句的类别，熟记各引导词的特点，找出使用错误的引导词，并改正。a单句填空1the exhibition tells us _we should do something to stop air pollution.答案why句意：该展览告诉我们为什么我们要采取措施阻止空气污染。根据句意以及句子结构可知，空格处用why引导宾语从句。2i wonder _mary has kept her figure after all these years.by working out every day.答案how根据答语“by working out every day”可知，空格处用how 来引导宾语从句，表示方式。3reading her biography, i was lost in admiration for_ doris lessing had achieved in literature.答案what句意：读着她的自传，我对doris lessing 在文学上已经取得的成就赞叹不已。根据句子结构来判断，for后接一个宾语从句，而从句中缺少宾语，所以要用what。4we must find out_karl is coming, so we can book a room for him.答案when句意：我们一定要搞清楚karl什么时候来，以便我们给他订房间。由句意可知，要给karl订房间，那么就要清楚他来这里的时间，故填when。5susan made it clear to me _ she wished to make a new life for herself.答案that句意：苏珊清楚地向我表明，她希望自己开始一种新的生活。it为形式宾语，设空处引导的宾语从句为真正的宾语。从句结构和句意完整，故用that。6after a long journey, those young men finally reached _they called the paradise.答案what句意：长途跋涉后，这些年轻人最终到达了他们称之为天堂的地方。“_they called the paradise”是宾语从句，作reach的宾语，在从句中call缺宾语，故用what引导宾语从句同时作从句中call的宾语。7the 3g cellphone must be of great use and convenience to_wants to get the information through the internet quickly.答案whoever句意：3g手机对于那些想要快速浏览网络获取信息的人来说一定是非常方便实用的。whoever引导宾语从句作介词to的宾语，且whoever在从句中作主语，相当于anyone who。8john seemed puzzled about_the question meant.答案what句意：john 对这个问题意味着什么感到很迷惑。根据句子的结构判断，about后接的是一个宾语从句，而从句中meant缺少宾语，所以填what。9mom often phones me, asking_i am getting along with my studies.答案how句意：母亲常给我打电话，问我学习进展如何。此处asking 后为宾语从句，根据句意可知，应填how。10are you sure_mr li will come to your birthday party?答案that句意：你确定李先生要来参加你的生日晚会吗？空处引导宾语从句，且在从句中不作成分，故用that引导。b单句改错1it is difficult for us to imagine that life was like for slaves in the ancient world._答案thatwhat句意：对我们来说很难想象在古代奴隶的生活是什么样子的。what. be like为固定形式，表示“是什么样子”。what引导的宾语从句作imagine的宾语，同时what在宾语从句中作介词like的宾语。2pick yourself up. courage is doing that youre afraid to do._答案thatwhat句意：振作起来。勇气就是做你害怕要去做的。分析句子结构可知，doing后为宾语从句，从句中缺少宾语，故用what。that在名词性从句中不作成分。3police have found where appears to be the lost ancient statue._答案wherewhat句意：警察已经找到了与丢失的古代的雕像类似的东西。分析句子结构可知，用what引导宾语从句，并在从句中作主语。where是副词，不作主语。4experts believe why people can waste less food by shopping only when it is necessary._答案whythat句意：专家们相信，人们只有在必要时才去购物就能减少食物浪费。根据句意和结构可知，believe后面要求接宾语从句，而且从句中不缺句子成分，也无意义，所以用that。5some people care much about their appearance and always ask if they look fine in which they are wearing._答案whichwhat句意：有些人太过在意自己的外表，总是问(别人)自己穿在身上的衣服看起来是否不错。分析句子结构，再结合句意“他们所穿的衣服”应使用连词what引导这一宾语从句，what在从句中作wear的宾语，指代人穿的衣服。which在引导名词从句时意为“哪一个”，不合题意，故把which改为what。6only when you go to new york city in person will you realize what diverse the american culture is._答案whathow句意：只有当你亲自来到纽约时，你才会意识到美国文化是多么不同。根据howadj./adv.主语其他部分可知，应用how。故把what改为how。7the bride and groom gave who attended their wedding some gifts to share their happiness._答案whowhoever句意：新郎和新娘给任何一个参加他们婚礼的人发礼物以分享他们的幸福。分析句子成分可知，“who attended their wedding”是宾语从句，从句中缺少主语，故用whoever，意为“无论谁”，而who意为“谁”，表疑问。8dad, i want to go out for dinner with my friends tonight.keep in mind when you have to be home by 9：00._答案whenthat句意：爸爸，今晚我想和朋友们一起出去吃饭。记住你9点前必须回家。keep in mind that.是习惯用语，意为“记住”，其中that引导的从句作keep的宾语。故把when改为that。9this still leaves the question of that local public services should be improved in the next five years._答案thathow句意：未来五年地方公共服务应该如何改进的问题仍然遗留下来。应用how引导的从句作介词of的宾语，且how在从句中作方式状语。how意为“如何”，that无意义。故把that改为how。10he seems too tired today, and i wonder that he got a good sleep last night._答案thatif/whether句意：他今天似乎太累了，我想知道他昨天晚上是否睡得好。宾语从句表示是否，动词后可用if或whether, that无意义，故把that改为if/whether。基础点一、表语从句在句子中作表语的从句称为表语从句(predicative clause)。引导表语从句的连接词主要有：从属连词that, whether; 连接代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever等；连接副词when, where, why, how等。此外，表语从句还可用because和as if/as though等连接词引导。1表语从句的连接词从属连词在句中只起连接作用，不作成分；连接代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语；连接副词在从句中作状语。从属连词：that， whether连接代词：what， who， whose， which， whatever， whoever， whosever， whichever等连接副词：how， when， where， why等the question is whether you can afford it.问题是你是否买得起。our plan is that well go there once a week.我们的计划是一周去那里一次。thats what he said.那就是他说的话。your big opportunity is right where you are now.好机会就在你眼前。特别提醒if不引导表语从句；that引导表语从句一般不省略。典例1when choosing furniture, you only focus on function while i think more about the design.thats _we differ.答案where句意：在选择家具时，你只注重功能而我更注重设计。那正是我们不同的地方。考查表语从句。where在从句中作状语。2as if/as though引导的表语从句此类表语从句可用陈述语气，也可用虚拟语气，常跟在一些连系动词后面，如：seem似乎look看起来taste尝起来sound听起来 feel摸起来 appear好像it seemed as_though it had happen