专题七主谓一致原则.doc

专题七 主谓一致原则 1、语法一致原则是指句子的主语和谓语在语法形式上一致， 即通常情况下， 谓语动词的单复数形式依主语的单复数形式而定， 主语为单数形式时谓语动词用单数形式， 主语为复数形式时谓语动词也用复数形式。例如： He is reading an English book. 他在看一本英语书。人称与数（人称单复数）、具体例词、be的现在式、be的过去式、do的现在式have的现在式、一般将来时、过去将来时、一般现在时中实义动词作谓语 （1）主语前、 后加修饰语时的主谓一致问题。主语的修饰语对主语和谓语之间的关系一般不起影响， 尤其在主语后接as well as, with, along with, together with, rather than, except, but, including, besides, in addition to, added to, like, rather than, more than, no less than等插入语时， 谓语仍须与主语本身保持一致。例如： Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the party. A woman with Mary is coming to the hospital. Nobody, except his most intimate friends, knows of it. （2）以“and”或“both. and. ”连接的并列主语的主谓一致问题。当主语是由“and”或“both. and.”连接的并列结构时， 如果该并列主语指的是两个或两个以上的人或事物， 谓语动词用复数形式； 如果该并列主语指的是“同一个”人或事物(常以and后的名词前没有冠词为标志)， 谓语动词需用单数形式。例如： What he says and what he does do not agree. The worker and writer has come. A needle and thread was found on the floor. Truth and honesty is the best policy. 注意： 对于由and连接的并列主语， 前面有each, every, many a, no等修饰时， 谓语动词通常仍要用单数形式。例如： Each boy and each girl was congratulated. Every hour and every minute is important. Many a boy and many a girl has seen this painting. No man and no animal is to be found on the moon. No teacher and no student is admitted. 考题1 We live day by day, but in the great things, the time of days and weeks _ so small that a day is unimportant. (2007湖南)A. is B. are C. has been D. have been 答案 A考题2 The father as well as his three children _ skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter. (2006辽宁)A. is going B. go C. goes D. are going 答案 C考题3 Professor Smith, along with his assistants, _ on the project day and night to meet the deadline. (2005上海) A. work B. working C. is working D. are working 答案 C考题4 The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class, _ visiting a museum when the earthquake struck. (2004北京)A. was B. were C. had been D. would be 答案 A考题5 A library with five thousand books _ to the nation as a gift. (1990)A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered A考题6 A poet and artist _ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon. (2006江苏)A. is B. are C. was D. were 答案 A2、意义一致原则是指不依语法形式而侧重于依据实质意义处理主谓关系，根据主语所表达的实际含义确定谓语动词的形式。 1. 数词加上表“时间、 距离、 金额、 价值、 度量”等计量单位的复数名词作主语时， 在该主语被视为“整体”的情况下谓语动词用单数形式， 在该主语被视为“若干单位”的情况下谓语动词用复数形式。例如： Twenty years is not a long time./ Twenty years have passed since he left. 2. 如果主语部分是“分数或百分数of名词/代词”， 谓语动词的单复数形式取决于of后的名词或代词的单复数形式。例如： Only threefifths of the work was done yesterday. Twothirds of the earths surface is covered by water. In the USA, 75 percent of the grain is used to feed animals. 50 percent of the students are girls in our college. 3. 表示“种类、 计量单位”的名词kind, sort, type, form, pair, cup, glass, piece, box, chain, series(单数、 复数形式同形)、 species(单数、 复数形式同形)、 ton、 meter等与of连用构成主语时， 由of之前表示“种类、 计量单位”的名词决定谓语动词的形式。例如： This kind of these apples is sweet. / These kinds of apples are very sweet. 4. “a number of可数名词复数”(表示“大量的”)的结构作主语时， 谓语动词应采用复数形式； “the number of可数名词复数”(表示“的数量”)的结构作主语时， 谓语动词应采用单数形式。例如： A number of students in this class are from Sichuan. The number of the visitors has decreased this year. 5. each, one, much, (a) little, either, neither, another, the other等不定代词作主语时谓语动词通常为单数形式， 主语由它们所修饰时谓语动词也用单数； some, any, every, no构成的复合词(如somebody, nobody, everything, anything等)作主语时， 谓语动词用单数。例如： Each of the girls/Each girl has a new hat. Neither plan suits me. / Either of the rooms is big enough. Is everybody here? / There was nothing special then. Nobody knows the answer to the question. / Someone wants to see you.注意： 若复数形式的主语与each连用， each仅位于复数形式的主语之后作同位语时， 则该主语不受each的影响， 谓语动词仍用复数形式。例如： The old workers each have their own tools. The students each have a book. 6. both, (a) few, many, several等不定代词作主语或主语的定语时， 谓语动词通常用复数形式。例如： Both (of) the films are interesting. 两部影片都有趣。/ Few (of the guests) were familiar to us. 没几个(客人)是我们熟悉的。注意： both作同位语时通常对应于复数谓语动词， 例如： The films are both interesting. 7. what, which, who, whose等疑问代词作主语时， 根据其所指代的含义来确定谓语动词的形式(若其所指代的含义单数不明确谓语动词通常用单数形式)。例如： Which is your room? / Which are your rooms? Who is your brother? / Who are League Members? 8. “half of, plenty of, the rest of, a lot of, lots of等名词”的形式作主语或者all, some, more, most, any, none作主语时， 要结合具体语境根据其所指代的含义来判断谓语动词用单数形式还是复数形式。例如： Half of the apple is bad. / Half of the apples are bad. A lot of money is spent on tobacco every year. A lot of things have been done by her since yesterday. All of the paint is fine. / All of the students are working hard. Most of his spare time was spent in reading. Most of the houses in this town are new. None of the money is mine. None of us have/has been to Xian. (作主语的none指代复数含义的对象时谓语动词既可以用单数形式也可以用复数形式， 这是需要进行特别把握的特殊情况)考题1 A survey of the opinions of experts _ that three hours of outdoor exercise a week _ good for ones health. (2007江西)A. show; are B. shows; is C. show; is D. shows; are 答案 B考题2 The company had about 20 notebook computers but only onethird _ used regularly. Now we have 60 working all day long. (2006浙江) A. is B. are C. was D. were 答案 D考题3 _ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass. (2000上海)A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; areC. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; are 答案 C考题4 Most of what has been said about the Smiths _ also true of the Johnsons. (2006安徽)A. are B. is C. being D. to be 答案 B考题5 With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth _ each year. (2005山东)A. is washing away B. is being washed awayC. are washing away D. are being washed away 答案 D考题6 Strangely enough, a pair of new trousers _ among the rubbish. A. were found B. was found C. has found D. have found 答案 B考题7 As you can see, the number of cars on roads _ rising these days. A. was keeping B. keep C. keeps D. were keeping 答案 C考题8 Nowadays, a large number of women, especially those from the countryside, _ in the clothing industry. (2005辽宁)A. is working B. works C. work D. worked 答案 C3、邻近一致原则是指谓语动词的人称和数与它最邻近的名词或代词保持一致。这一原则在高考中主要体现在以下两个方面： 1. 由or等连词连接的并列主语的主谓一致问题。主语是由or, either . or ., nor, neither . nor ., whether . or ., not . but ., not only . but also . 等连接的并列主语时， 谓语动词的单复数形式依照靠近它的主语而定， 例如： One or two friends are coming this evening. What I say or what I think is no business of yours.Neither you nor I am wrong./ Not you but your father is to blame. Not only you but (also) he is wrong. / Neither I nor he is to blame. Not only the teacher but also his students object to the change. 2. “there/here be”句型中的主谓一致问题。“there/here be”句型中真正的主语在be之后， 如果there/here be后存在并列的主语， 系动词be应与它相邻的主语保持一致， 例如： There is a book and some pens on the desk. Here are some apples and bread for you.考题 Not only I but also Jane and Mary _ tired of having one examination after another. (1989)A. is B. are C. am D. be 答案 BEXERCISES:1.Three _ died in the terrible fire in Luoyang last winter.A. hundreds peopleB. hundred peopleC. hundreds peoplesD. hundred peoples2. Either you or the president _ the prizes to these gifted winners at the meeting. A. is handing out B. are to hand outC. are handing out D. is to hand out3. I, who _ your close friend, will try my best to help you out of trouble.A. amB. isC. are D. be4. The Olympic Games in the year 2008 _ in Beijing of China, which _ known to us all. A. is to hold; is B. is to be held; wasC. are to hold; isD. are to be held; is5. There _ a lot of rubbish on the floor so I asked Mary to sweep _ up. A. were; itB. are; them C. was; itD. is; them6. Three million tons of coal _ every year in the city.A. is exploitedB. are exploited C. had exploited D. have exploited7. Stories of the Long March _ popular with the young people now.A. isB. wasC. are D. were8. Mathematics _ the language of science.A. areB. are going to be C. isD. is to be9. Both rice and wheat _ grown in our country.A. isB. areC. was D. were10. _ either of your parents come to see you recently?A. Have B. HadC. Has D. Is11. What the children in the mountain village need _ good books.A. is B. areC. have D. has12. The whole family _ TV attentively.A. are watchingB. is watching C. is seeingD. are seeing13. Nothing but several glasses _ bought by my father the day before yesterday. A. was B. wereC. have beenD. would be14. At the bus stop _ a soldier and two young people on their way to the village. A. wereB. was C. isD. sits15. If law and order _, neither the citizen nor his family is safe.A. are not preservedB. is not preservedC. were preservedD. have not been preserved16. There _ little change in that middle school.A. haveB. hadC. have beenD. has been17. What such a sunset is _ strange to us all.A. going to beB. / C. isD. that18. Seventy-five percent of the earths surface _ with water.A. is coveredB. is covering C. were covered D. are covered19. The following _ some other mental diseases.A. being B. areC. was D. were20. Not only you but also I _ able to help him out.A. areB. isC. amD. were21. “ The Kites” _ us a story of the kites history.A. have toldB. tellsC. were toldD. was told22. You and I _ twin sisters.A. wereB. areC. isD. am23. A teacher of English and class teacher _ us something about volunteer workers. A. are tellingB. is tellingC. are given D. were given24. Thousands of tons of rubbish _ over a large period of time.A. rots awayB. rot awayC. has rotted awayD. are rotted away25. Mayor as well as volunteer workers _ the newly-built stadium.A. is cleaningB. are cleaningC. were cleaningD. have cleaned26. Many a student _ something about Abraham Lincoln.A. have known B. knows C. is knownD. are known27. The defence works _ built long ago to keep the enemy away.A. wereB. has been C. had beenD. was28. “ Have you all studied the passageUsing the Mind against Disease？”“_ .” A. Nobody of us has B. Nobody of us haveC. None of us has D. None of us did29. A group of Italian soldiers _ quickly towards their position.A. were advancingB. were advancedC. was advancingD. advancing