必后备国际税收环境与转移定价.ppt

INTERNATIONALFINANCIALMANAGEMENT INTERNATIONALFINANCIALMANAGEMENT EUN RESNICK FourthEdition ChapterOutline TheObjectivesofTaxationTypesofTaxationTheNationalTaxEnvironments 国别税收环境 OrganizationalStructuresforReducingTaxLiabilitiesBranchandSubsidiaryIncomePaymentstoandfromForeignAffiliatesTaxHavensControlledForeignCorporationTransferPricing RelatedIssuesBlockedFunds 冻结资金 TheObjectivesofTaxation Thetwinobjectivesoftaxationare 1 TaxNeutrality 税收中性 2 TaxEquity 税收公平 TaxNeutrality Ataxschemeistaxneutralifitmeetsthreecriteria 1 CapitalExportNeutrality thetaxschemedoesnotincentivisecitizensmovetheirmoneyabroad 好的税制既能为政府有效地筹集收入 又不会对纳税人的经济决策产生负面影响 不会阻碍资源配置到世界任何可获得最高回报率的地方 资本输出中性是建立在实现全球经济效率基础上的 2 CapitalImportNeutrality thetaxburdenonaMNCsubsidiaryshouldbethesameregardlessofwhereintheworldtheMNCisincorporated 子公司的税负不因母公司所在地的不同而有所区别 无论跨国公司属于哪个国家 东道国对该跨国公司的分公司所征收的税收应该一视同仁且应与本国企业相同 3 NationalNeutrality taxableincomeistaxedinthesamemannerbythetaxpayer snationaltaxauthoritiesregardlessofwhereintheworlditisearned 不论应税所得是在世界哪个国家挣的 各国税收当局都应以同样的方式征税 TaxEquity TaxEquity regardlessofthecountryinwhichanaffiliateofaMNCearnstaxableincome 无论跨国公司的分公司从哪个国家取得的应税所得 thesametaxrateandtaxduedateshouldapply 适用相同的税率和纳税日期 例如 跨国公司的国外分公司所赚到的1美元与国内分公司所赚到的1美元应按相同的规则纳税 Theprincipaloftaxequityisdifficulttoapply theorganizationalformoftheMNCcanaffectthetimingofthetaxliability TypesofTaxation IncomeTaxWithholdingTaxValue AddedTax IncomeTax Anincometaxisataxonpersonalandcorporateincome Manycountriesintheworldobtainasignificantportion 很大一部分 oftheirtaxrevenuefromincometaxes Anincometaxisadirecttax thatisonethatispaiddirectlybythetaxpayeruponwhomitislevied 被征收 CorporatePercentageIncomeTaxRatesinSelectedCountries CorporatePercentageIncomeTaxRatesinSelectedCountries WithholdingTax Withholdingtaxesarewithheld 扣缴 fromthepaymentsacorporationmakestothetaxpayer Thetaxesareleviedonpassiveincomeearnedbyanindividualorcorporationofonecountrywithinthetaxjurisdiction 税收管辖权 ofanothercountry Passiveincomeincludesinterestincomeanddividends incomefromroyalties 特许权收入 patents orcopyrights Awithholdingtaxisanindirecttax U S TaxTreatyPercentageWithholdingTaxRateswithSelectedCountries U S TaxTreatyPercentageWithholdingTaxRateswithSelectedCountries U S TaxTreatyPercentageWithholdingTaxRateswithSelectedCountries Value AddedTax Avalue addedtaxisanindirecttaxleviedonthevalueaddedinproductionofagoodorservice InmanyEuropeanandLatinAmericancountriesthevalue addedtaxhasbecomeamajorsourceoftaxationonprivatecitizens Manyeconomistspreferavalue addedtaxtoanincometaxbecausetheincentiveeffectsofthetwotaxesdiffersharply Value AddedTax Anincometaxhastheincentiveeffectofdiscouragingwork Avalue addedtaxhastheincentiveeffectofdiscouragingconsumption therebyencouragingsaving Value addedtaxiseasiertoadministeraswell Whiletaxpayershaveanincentivetohidetheirincome producershaveanincentivetomakesurethattheirupstreamsuppliersintheproductionprocessdeclarethevalueadded andpaythetax Value AddedTaxCalculation Inthisexample thetaxrateis15percent Supposethatstageoneisthesaleofrawmaterialstothemanufacturer stagetwoisthesaleoffinishedgoodstoaretailer stagethreeisthesaleofinventoryfromtheretailertotheconsumer 100 15 200 15 80 15 380 15 15 30 12 57 OtherTypesofTaxation Awealthtaxisataxleviednotonincomebutonthewealthofataxpayer Propertytaxesareanexample Apolltax 人头税 投票税 isataxonyourexistence Itissocalledbecauseitwascollectedfromthosewhowishedtovote TheNationalTaxEnvironments WorldwideTaxation 全球性税制 TerritorialTaxation 地区性税制 ForeignTaxCredits 国外税收抵扣 WorldwideTaxation Taxnationalresidentsofthecountryontheirworldwideincomenomatterinwhichcountryitwasearned TerritorialTaxation Territorialtaxationtax 征税 这里是动词 residentsbaseduponwherethetaxableeventoccurred ForeignTaxCredits 美国选择的避免双重征税的方式 是对跨国公司来自外国的收入已向外国当局缴纳的税款进行抵扣 即不再对这部分收入按照美国税制征税 外国税收抵扣总额不应高于假设这部分外国收入发生在美国的纳税额 税收抵扣的最高额度以全世界外国来源所得计算 发生在不同国家的损益可以相互冲销 某一税收年度未抵扣完的可以回抵过去1年和未来10年的税收 Allowstaxpayerstorecoversomewhatfromdoubletaxation Directforeigntaxcreditsarecomputedfordirecttaxespaidonactiveforeign sourceincomeofaforeignbranchofaU S MNCoronwithholdingtaxeswithheldfrompassiveincome Indirectforeigntaxcreditsareforincometaxespaidbythesubsidiary ExamplesofCalculatingU S ForeignTaxCreditsforSubsidiaryOperations OrganizationalStructuresforReducingTaxLiabilities Branch SubsidiaryIncome 分公司及子公司的收入 PaymentstoandfromForeignAffiliatesTaxHavensControlledForeignCorporationForeignSalesCorporation Branch SubsidiaryIncome AnoverseasaffiliateofaU S MNCcanbeorganizedasabranch 分公司 orasubsidiary 子公司 Aforeignbranchisnotanindependentlyincorporated 独立成立的 firmseparatefromtheparent Branchincomepassesdirectlytotheparent sincomestatements AforeignsubsidiaryisanaffiliateorganizationoftheMNCthatisindependentlyincorporated IncomemaynotbetaxedintheU S untilitisrepatriated 被返回 undercertaincircumstances PaymentstoandfromForeignAffiliates Havingforeignaffiliatesofferstransferpricetaxarbitragestrategies Thetransferpriceistheaccountingvalueassignedtoagoodorserviceasitistransferredfromoneaffiliatetoanother Ifonecountryhashightaxes don trecognizeincomethere havethoseaffiliatespayhightransferprices Ifonecountryhaslowtaxes recognizeincomethere havethoseaffiliatespaylowtransferprices TaxHavens 被称为避税天堂的国家或地区 公司所得税税率和预提税税率都很低 例如 巴哈马 巴拿马 巴林 香港 开曼群岛 百慕大群岛 英属维尔京群岛 海峡群岛等 其中 巴拿马和香港外国来源的所得是免税的 Taxhavensarecountrieswithlowcorporateincometaxratesandlowwithholdingtaxratesonpassiveincome TaxhavenswereonceusefulaslocationsforaMNCtoestablishashellcompany TheTaxReformActof1986greatlydiminishedtheneedforandabilityofU S corporationstoprofitfromtheuseoftaxhavens 税收改革法案的目的是防止一定所得在避税国家的税收延迟 并通过减少美国跨国公司从外国税收抵扣中获得的利益来增加税收 中国对外投资主要目的地 ControlledForeignCorporation 美国居民控股的国外公司是指美国股东拥有50 以上表决股份的外国子公司 美国股东可以是任何美国公民 居民 合伙企业 公司 信托或地产商 只要它拥有或间接拥有10 以上居民控股的国外公司具有投票权的股权 即使6个非关联的美国股东各自拥有同一家外国公司10 具有投票权的股权 就可以把该公司视为控股外国公司 美国公司的非控股外国公司的未分配利润会被延期征收 直至以股利形式被汇回 对控股国外公司的所得要立即征税 所得包括 保险所得 国外公司所得 即与销售 运输 和石油相关的被动收入 来自遭遇国际联合抵制国家的收入 来自美国与之断交国家的收入 收到的非法贿赂 回扣等收入 TheTaxReformActof1986createdanewtypeofforeignsubsidiary thecontrolledforeigncorporation AcontrolledforeigncorporationisaforeignsubsidiarythathasoverhalfofitsvotingstockheldbyU S shareholders eveniftheseshareholdersareunaffiliated 即使这些美国股东间彼此独立 ControlledForeignCorporation TheundistributedincomeofaminorityforeignsubsidiaryofaU S MNCistaxdeferreduntilitisremitted 寄回 viaadividend Thisisnotthecasewithacontrolledforeigncorporation thetaxtreatmentismuchlessfavorable Theresultisthatforeigntaxcredits 税收抵免 areunlikelytobecompletelyused 虽然在诸如避税天堂等地交税较少 但是美国控股的国外公司在美国要补缴差额税收 TransferPricing RelatedIssues TheTransferPriceisthepricethatforaccountingpurposes isassignedtogoodsandservicesflowingfromonedivisionofafirmtoanotherdivision Controversialevenforadomesticfirm Considertheexampleofafirmthathasonedivisionthatmillslumber 加工木材 andanotherthatmakesfurniture Thetransferpriceofthelumberisapoliticalaswellaseconomicandaccountingissue TransferPricing RelatedIssues ForMNC thereexiststheaddedcomplicationsof Differencesintaxrates Importdutiesandquotas Exchangeraterestrictionsonthepartofthehostcountry Mostcountrieshaveregulationscontrollingtransferpricing IntheU S thetaxcoderequirestransferpricestobearmslengthprices 公平价格 独立企业间的交易价格 ArmsLengthPrice Apricethatawillingsellerwouldchargeawillingunrelatedbuyer TheIRSprescribesthreemethodsforestimatinganarmslengthpriceComparableuncontrolledprice Resaleprice thepriceatwhichthegoodisresoldbytheaffiliateisreducedbyoverhead 经常性费用 andprofit Cost plusapproach anappropriateprofitisaddedtothecostofthemanufacturingaffiliate 转移定价案例应用 Mintel制造公司生产的产品从母公司输送到海外全资子公司进行销售 产品单位变动成本1500美元 销售子公司卖给最终顾客的零售价为3000美元 EXHIBIT21 5LowversusHighTransferPricingStrategybetweenMintelAffiliateswiththeSameIncomeTaxRate EXHIBIT21 6LowversusHighTransferPricingStrategybetweenMintelAffiliateswithDifferentialIncomeTaxRates EXHIBIT21 7LowversusHighTransferPricingStrategybetweenMintelAffiliateswithDifferentialIncomeTaxRatesanda5PercentImportDuty EXHIBIT21 8LowversusHighTransferPricingStrategyforMintelwithLowTransferPriceandAdditionalRoyaltyChargewithDifferentialIncomeTaxRates AdvancePricingAgreement 预约定价协议 预约定价协议是跨国公司与某国税收当局之间签订的具有法律约束力的契约 例如 按照预约定价协议 IRS不再根据美国 税收法典 第482条的要求对某些被称为抵补业务的交易进行转移定价调整 预约定价协议中的具体转移定价方法可提前5年通过协商确定 预约定价协议既可以是单边的 也可以是双边的 甚至可以是多边的 单边的预约定价协议指纳税人与某国税收当局就在该国的纳税问题进行协商 双边或多边预约定价协议是纳税人与一国或一国以上的税务当局按照税收条约所明确的协议程序所签订的协