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黑虎山小流域水土保持综合治理规划及其实施效果研究摘 要 以小流域为单元进行综合治理已成为当今世界各国治理水土流失的主要形式，本文以可持续发展理论为指导，以曲阜市黑虎山小流域为研究对象，对小流域水土保持规划以及实施后初步效果等方面进行了研究，其成果对我省小流域水土保持综合治理具有重要的理论和实践意义。 水土保持规划是指导某一区域、流域在一定时期内开展水土保持工作的纲领性文件,对于指导水土流失治理,加快水土保持生态建设具有重要意义。在系统阐述了小流域水土保持理论研究以及在对国内外小流域水土保持现状进行深入分析的基础上，以本人参与编制的山东省曲阜市黑虎山小流域水土保持规划为研究对象，根据流域的自然概况、社会经济状况、水土流失现状和治理状况，以治理水土流失为中心，以保护和合理开发利用水土资源为目标，借鉴国内外小流域水土保持研究的基本理论和主要成果，研究提出了规划建设应遵循的指导思想、基本原则、建设目标与布局，分析了黑虎山小流域水土保持规划中工程、植物、生态修复相结合的总体治理措施目标的合理性和经济适用性，并分别对采取的水土保持农业耕作措施、生物措施、工程措施进行了分析（主要包括坡改梯工程设计、水土保持林设计、经济果木林设计、小型水利水保工程等）。在此基础上，按照效益评价的基本理论，采用径流小区试验、定点观测、定点调查等方法，从调水保土效益、生态效益、经济效益和社会效益四个方面对小流域水土保持规划实施后的初步效益进行分析。(1)研究区蓄水保土效益明显增加。新增各项措施的蓄水量达到8.3022万 m3，保土量达0.477623 万t。(2)研究区林草覆盖度明显提高，植物群落盖度(郁闭度)增加。林草覆盖度由治理前的16.48%增长到治理后的19.89%，增长幅度为3.1%。研究区土壤结构与水分状况明显改善，荒坡造林和梯田土壤容重分别比荒地减少0.2 g/cm、0.04 g/cm。孔隙度增加，土壤水分含量显著提高，监测表明：荒坡造林地和梯田土壤与荒地相比，土壤总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度平均分别比荒地增加（7.04 %,3.39 %）、(0.99 % , 6.74%)土壤饱和含水量平均分别比荒地增加9.5%、2.1%。(3)研究区经济效益明显提高。实施生态治理措施后，年增加产值607.977万元。措施不仅带来了上述的直接经疥效益，还带相应的间接经济效益，大大提高了当地农民收入。(4) 研究区社会效益显著。研究区土地利用结构更加合理，农村产业结构得到了调整，环境容量得到明显提高。结果表明，黑虎山小流域水土保持综合治理规划是可行的，其实施带来的调水保土效益、生态效益、经济效益和社会效益十分显著。本规划和工程的实施将作为鲁中南低山丘陵砂石山区小流域水土流失综合治理的一个样板，在同类地区起到试验、示范、推广作用。关键词： 水土保持；小流域；综合治理；规划；效益评价Research on planning of the soil and water conservation and the result after the implemention in Heihu Mountain Small WatersedAbstract Comprehensive management of small watershed has been a main type of cont rolling soil and water loss in the world today. the paper took Heihu Mountain Small Watersed in Qufu County as a study case,analyzed the planning of the soil and water conservation and the inital result after the implemention under the guidance of sustainable development theory. The results of the study had an important theoretic and pratical significance for sustainable development of soil and water conservation our province. Soil and water conservation planning is a detailed outline to implement soil and water conservation.in a region or basin. It has a great significance to supervise soil and water loss control and enhance soil and water conservation and ecological const ruction.on the basis of Systematically expounded theory for small watershed soil and water conservation and In-depth analysis the theory at home and abroad, took planning of the Heihu Mountain Small Watersed in Qufu County Shandong Province as a case,in accordance of natural outline,social outline,soil erosion situation and harnessing experience ,focusing on controlling soil erosion ,aiming at protecting and reasonable utilizing water and soil resources, according to foreign basic theories and main study achievements on small watershed soil and water conservation, the text advanced guiding ideologies, essential principles, construction aims and composition, Analysis of the rationality and Economic applicability planning of Heihu Mountain Small Watersed soil and water conservation which included engineering,biological and ecological remediation, and respectively for taking soil and water conservation in agriculture and farming, ecological measures, engineering measures were analyzed.(Most including terracing of sloping fields , soil and water conservation forest ,economy fruit tree and forest , small hydraulic and water and soil conservation measure and farm pat h , etc. ).On this basis, In accordance with the basic theory of benefit evaluation, by means of experiments on shrub runoff-plot, fixed point measurements and fixedpoint surveys, analyzed from four aspects of Water diversion and soil conservation benefits，ecological benefits, economic benefits, social benefits, (1)Water diversion and soil conservation benefits of item region were increased obviously. the water storage capacity reached 8.3022 million m3, the new security measures soil amounted to 0.477623 tons.(2)The cover degree of forest and grassland in item region had been improved obviously, the vegetation cover degree increased. The forest degree was from 16.48% to19.89%, after ecological management.increased 8.8%. The soil structure and water status were obviously improved, After ecological management the soil bulk density of the uncultivated land afforestation and terrace were decreased 0.2 g/cm3、0.04 g/cm3 .the soil porosity was enhanced and the soil moisture was obviously increased,Results showed that the soil physical characteristics of the uncultivated land afforestation and the terrace obviously better than that of wasteland. Soil porosity and non-capillary porosity were increased （7.04 %,3.39 %）、(0.99 % , 6.74%).The maximal water storage of soil was increased 9.5%and2.1%in forest land and the terrace land than that in wasteland.(3) The economic efficiency was improved obviously. the annual income was 6079.77 thousand Yuan. The measure not only took direct economic efficiency but also took indirect economic efficiency, and it improved the local farmer income.(4)The social efficiency of item region was prominent. It adjusted the land using structure and let it reasonable, the agriculture structure was adjusted, the environment containing quality was improved obviously.The results showed that comprehensive treatment planning of Heihu Mountain Small Watersed soil and water conservation was feasible,implement the plan had brought obvious Water diversion and soil conservation benefits, ecological benefits, economic benefits, social ben