美国历史整理(1600-1816).doc

美国历史整理（一）From 1600s-1816I. 1600s-early 1700sl First native American people migrated from Asia to North America across a land bridge more than ten thousand years ago.l In the 11th century, a Norse (Viking) sailor, Leif Eriksson reached North America.l In 1492, Columbus sailed at the North America.l Spanish rule included Florida and was generally harsh. Spanish explorers often intermarried with the natives.l In early 1600s, the 1st English colony at Jamestown Virginia.l The reasons (generate the colony): a. commercial gain eg. Jamestown established by trading companies b. social and religious freedom (initiated with royal charters) also known as propriety grantsl The second English colony was founded by Pilgrims (清教徒) at Plymouth, Massachusetts.Settlers: come to new world to escape religious persecutionKEY: design the Mayflower Compact determine what the colonys civil laws would be only the pilgrims landedDifferent aspect: Pilgrims wanted to split from the Church of England Puritans wanted to reform the Churchl Economy in Colonial AmericaIn colonial America, the local climate determined what each colony could and could not do to develop its economy.Since the new England terrain were poor for farming, so New England settlers practiced subsistence farming.Eg. Boston: sea trade and fishing Southern colonies: large scale agriculture (good soil and climate)Plantation system formed cash crop(既自己卖又自己食用)1st down by indentured servants system is called labor intensive Because of insufficient inhumane slave trade (start from at least 16th century and increased steadily throughout the 17th 18th and the first half of the 19th century)l Religion center of colonial life for many of the settlersThe Halfway Covenant (1662) was passed to make it easier for less religious children of Puritan to become baptized members of CHURCHl During the 1700s, there was a wave of religious fervor called the Great Awakening Leader: Jonathan Edwards George Whitefield Calvinist (eternal damnation; the mercy of god and the salvation by faith)l The dominion of New England salutary neglect (有益忽视)英国对殖民地的宽松政策以换取殖民地经济上的持续忠诚l Reasons for the founding of selected ColoniesEconomic gain: Virginia (1607)Religious Freedom: Plymouth (1620) Massachusetts (1629) Maryland (1633) Connecticut (1636) Rhode Island(1636) Pennsylvania (1682)Seized from Dutch: New York (1664) New Jersey (1664) Delaware (1664)Buffer colony and alternative to debtors prison: Georgia(1732)II. 1700s-1775l Navigation Acts(1651) raise money by placing heavy taxes called duties or tariffAngered the colonists because they could not make as much money with limited trade as they could with free tradel The French and Indian War (1756-1763) Seven Years War冲突：dominance of fur trade riths to North Atlantic fisheries and possession of the Ohio-Mississippi Basin对象：French + Indian VS BritishResult: British victory led by Prime Minister William PittInfluence: a. change the boundaries of 2 empires worldwide possession b. French lost territory on North America continentc. . British felt that American colonists did not share equally the burden of the costd. American colonists no longer needs protection from British and French reconsider their role within colonial systeml British ACTS FOR THE COLONISTS P44Means: A tighter control over the American colonies People thought that they were unfair and were not represented in the British Parliamentl 1774 the First Continental Congress- a gathering of representatives from all the coloniesAgree to join together in a boycott of English goodsWrote up a list of grievances to present to the kingFew people thought these actions would lead to a military conflictDid not participate the complete separation of the colonies from England in the American War of IndependenceIII. 1775 to 1800l Second Continental Congress in 1775 导火索：Redcoats in Lexington, Massachusetts 英方：1775.7 -Britain acknowledged an open rebellion in the colonies and the American Revolution美方：The declare of Independence in 1776 irrevocable break with England + a war of independence结果: create a government for USA担忧：the colonists felt attached to the mother country by language and culture It was difficult to build an intercolonial consensus on war goals Many colonists worried about the superior might of the British Empirel Common Sense by Thomas Paine in 1776 (开国元勋)Appeal to the colonists to form a better governmentl General George Washington原因：he had experience in the French and India war He can draw his hometown (Virginia) into the war He has invaluable skill in keeping the American forces alive during the wars early yearsl The war of independencea. France was a decisive ally for America, from the beginning, France had secretly supplied weapons and goods to colonistsb. after the American victory at Saratoga, Spain and Holland formally declared war against Britainc. 1781 York TOWM final victoryd. British greatly overestimated the Americans Tory or loyalists, so the British approached the war as if they merely to suppress a few radicals.l The Treaty of Paris in 1783American independence was established in the Treaty of Paris, two years after the final ballet at Yorktown.l The Article of Confederation in 1781Aim : a framework for governmentContent: a. favor strong powers for the individual colonies b. did not establish the centralized colonies for national leadershipEffect: 1- the federal government was broke 2- reliable currency was difficult to obtain 3- led to an economic ressionOuter factors : Britain retain forts on American soil Spanish prevented Americans from using the Mississippi RiverBenefit: the division of land under the Northwest Ordinance in 1787 l Constitutional Convention in 1787The constitution established the three branches of the government: a. executive or presidencyb. legislature or the congress ( Senate + the house of Representativec. Judiciary or the Supreme Court and the lower federal court systemAim: the branches were set up with a system of checks and balances so that none of the three branches can attain too much powerDevelopment: originally, the congress has the strongest power to override the presidents vote + can raise and spend revenue + has the power to make laws called the power of purse In 20th century, the Executive Branch has become the strongest power. Eg. Franklin D. Roosevelt pushing for a broader interpretation of the US Constitutionl New Jersey Plan & Virginia PlanNew Jersey Plan - states represented equallyVirginia Plan- delegations based on populationl The Great Compromise (also called the bicameral legislature)a. the house of representatives apportioned by the state populationb. senate apportioned equally ( 2 delegates for each state)l Three- Fifth CompromiseReason to set up: slaves = property or people ? Since the representation in the house of Representatives was based on the number of people who lived inContext: mandated that each slave be counted as 3/5 of a person when establishing the population of a state for representationl The Bill of Rights - the first ten amendments to the Constitution, was also a compromise to urge starts to ratify the documentContent: P48 time: was ratified and passed in 1789 Added after ratification in 1791l Long-term effect of the Constitution Convention: Benefit: successfully provide a framework of law that the USA has used for more than 200 yearsShortcoming: A-many of the compromises sowed the seeds of discontent that later plagued the growing Union and helped lead to the Civil war B- The issue of slavery and the balance of states right and national interests continued to be the sources of major political tension from 1789 -1860s C- The 3/5 compromise and the Bill of Rights were not enough ti settle the disputel Repayment of the national debtGeorge Washington was elected the first president in 1778Aim: to formalize the structures described in the Constitution Alexander Hamilton - the secretary of the Treasury Important: because of the financial difficulties faced by the new nationsHis solution: urge Congress to pass the legislation that would dedicate the repayment of the national debtHis aim: encourage the foreign investment Establish a national bank Conflict: many original framers of the Constitution (James Madison) felt these legislations were not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution and were therefore unconstitutional.l The Whiskey Rebellion - the 1st internal threat to the new government.Conflict: the farmers who ere also the whiskey producers, violently presented a large tax on whiskey Washington dispatched 15000 troops to squelch the uprisingResult: show the strength of the government Many felt overuse the powerLong-term effect: this rebellion + ideological divisions over constitutional interpretation, inspired the new Anti- Federalist Party or Republicans More: Federalist & Anti-federalist P49l XYZ affairs - one famous incident during John Adams presidency Threatened to lead to war between the USA and France Reasons: a strong advocate of neutralityl The Alien and Sedition ActsContext: 1- allow the deportation of foreigners who seemed to be a threat to the national security 2- designate fines and imprisonment for persons who wrote falsely and maliciously” against the lawResult: lead to the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions in 1789 to 1799 Reason: in an attempt to repeal these laws Leader: Madison & Jefferson Content: these resolutions would have given the states the power to repeal unconstitutional laws Effect: did not gain national acceptance but helped strengthened the Democratic Republican Party and platform The Revolution of 1800 Content: in the watershed election of 1800, Thomas Jefferson, leader of the Demo- republican Party, won the presidency Signal: signaling the first transfer of power from one party to another with much verbal infighting but without bloodshedIV. 1800 to 1816l Jeffersonian RepublicanJeffersons work: - believe that agriculture represent the noblest and the most democratic aspects of Americans life- sent marines to Tripoli in north Africa to fight pirates- his policies favored their interests over the interests of businesses, trading and manufacturing- help mode the judiciary into a powerful constitutional branch Marshall Court (1801-1835) Effect: maintain an ideology of a strong federal government Content: best known for establishing the practice of judicial review by which the Supreme Court has the authority to declare laws unconstitutional Influence: help secure the system of checks and balance- Louisiana Purchase in 1803Effect: double the size of the USAContent: Napoleon needed fund for his empire so Jefferson sent emissaries to France to buy the areaPrimary reason by Jefferson: control of Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans, invaluable trade routes for the Ohio Valley and western territoryJeffersons action: although he was concerned about the constitutionality of such a large land purchase, he agreed with the expansionist interests of the nation and supported Congressional approval of the dealPicture: see on P51- the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806)content: explores helped by the native American guides traveled from St. Louis to the Pacific Ocean in 1.5 yrs effect: establish US claims to the dispute Oregon territoryl The War of 1812- Primary conflict: between Great Britain and France during early 1800s - Seed affect America: the British stop US ships and search then for British naval The Chesapeake Incident (the most widely publicized episode of this sailor kidnapping ) -also called Impressments Content: restrict trade and seize US ships and theircargoes while they rested in French Harbor- Jeffersons reaction: a. tried to avoid hostilities with these powerful country by issuing an EmbargoEffect: had dramatic effect on Americans and seemed to penalize Americans more than foreign interestsContent: restrict all foreign tradeFollowing: Repealed by the Nonintercourse Act in 1809 Content: restrict all trade with Great Britain and France (but these country were the largest trades in the world)influence: the result was much the same as Embargo- declaration in 1812driving force: the mood of public opinion rather than a specific event people feel their national integrity had been compromised by the illegal search and seizures of American shipsthe War Hawks: asked for a declaration of war in 1812 - development: first. The lack of standing armed forced led to some early embarrassment on the battle field later: American ships had some success on the water final: since the Britain was still fighting France , the war ended by declaring it statement ( the Treaty of Ghent in 1814 )- the battle of New Orleans General Andrew Jackson won a resounding military victory at