全国英语专业八级考试听力复习材料.doc

全国英语专业八级考试听力复习材料 zeroinyourtarget,andgoforit.以下是为大家搜索的全国英语专业八级考试听力复习材料，希望能给大家带来帮助!更多精彩内容请及时关注我们! MINI-LECTURE Inthissection,youwillhearamini-lecture.YouwillhearthelectureONCEONLY.Whilelistening,takenotesontheimportantpoints.Yournoteswillnotbemarked,butyouwillneedthemtopleteagap-fillingtaskafterthemini-lecture.Whenthelectureisover,youllbegiventwominutestocheckyournotes,andanother10minutestopletethegap-fillingtask.Nowlistentothemini-lecture. Inthislecture,welldiscussEnglishvocabulary.First,letsdefinetheterm“vocabulary”.Whatisvocabulary?Itusuallyreferstoapleteinventoryofthewordsinalanguage.Butitmayalsorefertothewordsandphrasesusedinthevariantsofalanguage,suchasdialect,register,terminology,etc.Thevocabularycanbedividedintoactivevocabularyandpassivevocabulary.Theactivevocabularyreferstolexicalitemswhichapersonuses.Thepassivevocabularyreferstothewordswhichheunderstands.TheEnglishvocabularyischaracterizedbyamixtureofnativewordsandborrowedwords.First,aboutthenativewords.MostofthenativewordsareofAnglo-Saxonorigin.TheyformthebasicwordstockoftheEnglishlanguage.Inthenativestock,wefindwordsdenotingthemonestthingsnecessaryforlife,suchasthosewordsdenotingnaturalphenomena,divisionsoftheyear,partsofthebody,animals,foodstuffs,trees,fruits,humanactivity.Andalsootherwordsdenotingthemostindispensablethings.Thenativestockalsoincludesauxiliaryandmodalverbs,pronouns,mostnumerals,prepositionsandconjunctions.Thoughtheyaresmallinnumber,thesewordsplaynosmallpartinlinguisticperformanceandmunication.Next,weetoborrowedwords.Borrowedwordsarealsoknownasloan-words.Theyrefertolinguisticformstakenoverbyonelanguageordialectfromanother.TheEnglishvocabularyhasreplenisheditselfbycontinuallytakingoverwordsfromotherlanguagesoverthecenturies.TheadoptionofforeignwordsintotheEnglishlanguagebeganevenbeforetheEnglishcametoEngland.WeknowthattheAnglesandSaxonsformedapartoftheGermanicpeople.LongbeforetheAnglo-SaxonscametoEngland,theGermanicpeoplehadbeenincontactwiththecivilizationofRome.Thus,WordsofLatinorigindenotingobjectsbelongingtotheRomancivilizationgraduallyfoundtheirwayintotheEnglishlanguage.Forexample,wine,butter,cheese,inch,mile,mint,etc.WhentheEnglish,ortheAnglo-Saxons,weresettledinEngland,theycontinuedtoborrowwordsfromLatin,especiallyafterRomanChristianitywasintroducedintotheislandinthesixthandseventhcenturies.AconsiderablenumberofLatinwordswereadoptedintotheEnglishlanguage.Thesewordschieflysignifythingsconnectedwithreligionortheservicesofthechurch,suchasbishop,candle,creed,monk,priest,andagreatmanyothers.TheEnglishvocabularyalsoowesagreatdealtotheDanesandNorthmen.Fromthesesettlers,EnglishadoptedasurprisingnumberofwordsofScandinavianoriginthatbelongtothecore-vocabularytoday.Suchasthey,them,their,both,ill,die,egg,knife,low,skill,take,till,though,want,etc.TheNormanConquestin1066introducedalargenumberofFrenchwordsintotheEnglishvocabulary.Frenchadoptionswerefoundinalmosteverysectionofthevocabulary.Forexample,inthesectionoflaw,therearesuchwordsasjustice,evidence,pardon;inthesectionofwarfare,thereareconquer,victory;inreligion,therearegrace,repent,sacrifice;inarchitecture,therearecastle,pillar,tower;infinance,therearepay,rent,ransom;inrank,thereareprince,princess;inclothing,therearecollar,mantlet;infood,therearedinner,feast,sauce,etc.Inthefirst43linesoftheProloguetoChaucersCanterburyTales,thereare39wordsofFrenchorigin.WecanseetheEnglishvocabularytakesinsomanywordsfromFrench.Andinthefourteenth,fifteenthandsixteenthcenturies,theRenaissancesweptEurope.ItwasarevivalofartandliteraturebasedonancientGreeklearning.TheRenaissanceopenedupanewsourcefortheEnglishvocabularytoenrichitself.AndEnglishborrowedmanywordsfromGreekthroughthemediumofLatin,suchascrisis,topic,a,etc.awiderangeoflearnedaffixesarealsofromGreek,suchasbio-,geo-,hydro-,auto-,homo-,para-,-ism,-logy,-graph,-meter,-gramandmanyothers.Fromthesixteenthcenturyforward,therewasagreatincreaseinthenumberoflanguages,andEnglishborrowedmanywordsfromtheselanguages.Frenchcontinuedtoprovideaconsiderablenumberofnewwords,forexample,trophy,vase,moustache,unique,soup.EnglishborrowedalotofwordsfromItalianinthefieldofart,musicandliterature,forexample,model,son,opera,quartet,etc.therewasalsoaSpanishelementinEnglish,forexample,potato,cargo,parade,cigar.Besides,German,PortugueseandDutchwerealsofertilesourcesofloanwords,forexample,dock,zincandplunderarefromGerman;cobra,buffaloandpagodaarefromPortuguese;tackle,buoyandskipperarefromDutch.Attheturnofthenieenthandtwentiethcenturies,withagrowthofinternationaltradeandtheurgetocolonizetheknownworld,EnglishmadeanumberofdirectadoptionsfromlanguagesspokenoutsideEurope.Someexamplesare:sultanandghoulfromArabic,lichiandtyphoonfromChinese,shahandshawlfromPersian,yoghurtfromTurkish,czarfromRussian.SincetheendoftheSecondWorldWar,stillmoreloanwordshavebeenincorporatedintotheEnglishvocabularyForexample,cuisinefromFrench,sushifromJapanese,maotaifromChinese,andmanyothers.Inthetwentiethcentury,itshouldbeobservedthatEnglishhascreatedmanywordsoutofLatinandGreekelements,especiallyinthefieldofscienceandtechnology,suchasantibiotic,astronaut,auto-visual,autolysis,etc.AlthoughalltheseLatinandGreekderivedwordsaredistinctlylearnedortechnical,theydonotseemand,inthisrespect,theyareverydifferentfromtherecentloanwordsfromlivinglanguage