FreeKaoYan2010英研-语言学报考前摸底测试.doc

摸底测试：2010英研-语言学报考前模底说明：为帮助2010年英语专业考研的学生在十月报名前准确判断自己的水平，找准专业差距，合理定位目标院校，英语专业考研专家研究组参考全国近100所高校“基础英语、语言学、英美文学”真题，从实际出发，在信度、效度、难度和专业性上全面贴近真题的出题形式和出题内容。本套试题难度适中，如需报考重点院校还需进一步深化复习。 Multiple Choice (140 points)1. The choice of an allophones in a given phonetic context is _.A. random B. predictable C. variable D. independent 2. Discovering procedures are practiced by _. A. traditional grammar B. descriptive grammar C. TG grammar D. functional grammar3. According to Holiday, the three general functions of language are _.A. ideational, interpersonal and referential B. metalinguistic, interpersonal and textual C. ideational, interpersonal and textual D. ideational, informative and textual 4. In the present day, the stability of _ seems to be decreasing.A. taboo B. regional dialect C. idiolect D. social-class dialect5. The Indirect Speech Act was developed by _.A. Levinson B. John Searle C. John Lyons D. John Austin 6. “Semantics is the scientific study of meaning” is a _.A. polysemy B. tautology C. synonymy D. antonymy 7. Conceptual meaning is _.A. affective B. associative C. connotative D. denotative 8. The _ construction is defined as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constitution.A. endocentric B. exocentric C. subordinate D. coordinate 9. In English, theme and rheme are often expressed by _ and _.A. subject, object B. subject, predicate C. predicate, object D. object, predicate 10. _ is a grammatical category used for the analysis of word classes displaying such contrast as masculine/feminine/neuter, animate/inanimate, etc.A. Category B. Number C. Gender D. Case 11. A _ is any morpheme of combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. A. root B. stem C. allomorph D. lexeme 12. “Radar” is a/an _.A. blending B. coinage C. acronym D. clipping 13. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degree centigrade” is _.A. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. performative 14. The argument that LAD works successfully only when it is stimulated at the right time, a specific and limited time period for language acquisitionis referred to as _.A. the Whofian Hypothesis B. the UG Hypothesis C. the Critical Period Hypothesis D. the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 15. B.F. Skinner is the chief exponent of _.A. the interactional views B. the contextualist views C. the innatist views D. the behaviorist views16. The study of how language is learned is called _.A. language acquisition B. applied linguistics C. pysholinguistics D. pragmatics 17. Among the following theories, which has nothing to do with child language acquisition?A. The contextualist views. B. The behaviorist views. C. The innatist views. D. The interationist views. 18. Among the following English word, _ is borrowed from American Indian language.A. squash B. algebra C. soprano D. B2B19. The culture that is abstract, ambiguous and hidden refers to _. A. folk culture B. the products of nature C. what is born and grows D. spiritual culture 20. In American English “a blue book”, the related association with “blue” are _.A. high positionB. being aristocratic C. well-known names D. sentimental content 21. Among the following terms for the types of language, which is considered a more neutral terms?A. Speech variety B. Standard language C. non-standard language D. Dialects 22. What description is TRUE with standard dialect?A. It is a superimposed form above over the range of regional dialect.B. It is related to some particular group of language users in China.C. It is a socially prestigious dialect of a language, hence a sociolect.D. It is most correct in linguistic forms among all the language varieties to linguists. 23. The famous line “My love is a red, red rose” stirs up the imagination of a beautiful young lady. This is the _ meaning.A. iconicB. denotative C. connotative D. cultural 24. The following is the language used by two speakers A and B.A:I did it yesterday.B: I done it yesterday.He hasnt got it. He aint got it.It was she that said it It was her what said it. From this we can infer that _.A. And B have come from different regionsB. A and B display different linguistic skills and linguistic competenceC. A and Bs relative social status can roughly be estimated D. A and B have learned different languages at school 25. It is true that words may shift in meaning, i.e. semantic change. The semantic change of the word tail belong to _.A. narrowing of meaningB. meaning shift C. loss of meaning D. widening of meaning 26. As late as the fifteen and sixteenth centuries, one could merely add not at the end of an affirmative sentence to negate it, as in I Love thee not. However, in modern English, people will say “I do not love you.” This shows change in _.A. vocabulary B. agreement rule C. negation rule D. syntactic relations 27. The following all show the syntactic relations EXCEPT_A. positional relation B. relation of substitutability C. relation of cooccurrence D. relation of words 28. A: Mike is always lying.B: I hate that S-O-B!This conversation violates the maxim of _. A. quantity B. relation C. quality D. manner 29. “You should spend more time on English” is a _.A. representative B. expressive C. directive D. declaration 30. “For a large of class of cases the meaning of a word is its use in the language.” Is uttered by_.A. Firth B. Ogden C. Wittgenstein D. Malinowski 31. Which of the followings can be the same form shared by two homonyms?A. Delicious B. Tree C. Mine D. Beautiful 32. Which of the following sentences cannot be generated by the prediction “JOHN(LEAVE)”?A. John is leaving for Shanghai B. John has left.C. John, leave! D. John leaves.33. “Jack plays golf well” is inconsistent with _.A. Golf is Jacks favorite B. Jack is so bad at playing golfC. Jack plays golf as well as basketball D. Jack gives up golf 34. “Tommys hen laid an egg yesterday.” presupposes “_”.A. Tommy had a hen B. Tommy had a big henC. An egg was laid by Tommys hen D. The egg is not a stone 35. In the view of the naming theory, which of the meanings of the words can not be explained?A. Rain B. Cow C. God D. Cattle 36. _ is the essential and necessary element of a phrase.A. Head B. complement C. Specifier D. Modifier 37. The underlined part in “You know that I hate war” is called a _.A. matrix B. complement clause C. complement phrase D. complement 38. In forming a yes-no question, the position from which the auxiliary is moved and left empty is represented as a _.A. head B. trace C. INFL D. specifier 39. Which of thee following statement is NOT true?A.Derivation affixes are added to an existing from to created a new word.B. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.C. Sometimes bound morphemes can stand by themselves.D. The meaning of a compound is often idiomatic 40. The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the _.A. oral cavity B. lung C. pharyngeal cavity D. nasal cavity True or False Questions (315 points )Determine whether each of the following statement is true or false:1. Regardless of their ethnic and cultural background, children of all colors and societies follow roughly the same route/order of language, though they may differ in the rate of learning.2. An achievement test assesses how much a learner has mastered the contents of a particular course.3. Generative grammar is system of rules that in some explicit and well-defined way assigns structural descriptions to sentences. 4. In Hymes view, the learner acquires knowledge of sentences not only as grammatical but also as lexical. 5. Linguistic competence is one variety of cultural-competence. 6. Greek does not belong to Indo-European Language Family. 7. The term Stream of Consciousness was originally coined by the philosopher William James in his Principle of Psychology to describe the free association of ideas and impressions in the mind. 8. The Cooperative Principle, an important pragmatic principle proposed by P. Grice, aims to explain how speakers carry on communication cooperatively in utterances.9. A sentence is a grammatical unit and a n utterance is a pragmatic notion.10. After comparing “They stopped at the end of the corridor” with “At the end of the corridor, they stopped”, you may find some difference in meaning, and he difference can be interpreted in terms of collocative meaning. 11. All bound morphemes are affixes.12. The words “water” and “teacher” have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well. 13. In the sound writing system, the reference of the grapheme is the phoneme. 14. Aspiration is not a distinctive feature in English phonology. 15. The reason for French to use cheval and for English to use horse to refer to the same animal is inexplicable. Short Essay Questions (103 points)Answer the following three questions:1. How, in your opinion, does pragmatics differ from semantics?2. Study the passage taken from Shakespeares HAMLET and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Pelonius?Hamlet: In heaven, send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,Seek him i the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV. Scene iii3. Point out three ways in which modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar.Does the constancy under negation test work as a means of finding the presuppositions of the following sentences? What are the presuppositions：(a) John regrets that he broke your computer.(b)The pregnant engineer went on a holiday.(c) His brother is bald. (15 points)Define SYLLABUS, and describe the whole process of syllabus design with major links. (20pints)答案详解：2010英研-语言学报考前摸底测试(每题1分)1-10 B B C B B B D B B C11-20 B C C C D A A A D C21-30A A A C D C D D C C31-40C A B A DA C B C A (每题3分) T T T F T FTTTF FFTTTShort Essay Questions (103 points)Answer the following three questions:1. How, in your opinion, does pragmatics differ from semantics? （10 points）Semantics and pragmatics are both linguistic studies of meaning. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. If it is not considered, the study is restricted to the area of traditional semantics; if it is considered, the study is carried out in the area of pragmatics. (4分) Semantics studies sentences as units of the abstract linguistic system while pragmatics studies utterances as instances of the system. The former stops at the sentence levels; the latter looks at bigger chunks of conversation. The former regards sentences as stable products; the latter treats utterances as dynamic processes.(3分) The former analyses sentences in isolation; the latter analyses utterances in close connection with their context of situation. In a simple formula, the scopes can be clarified clearly: pragmatics meaningsemantics. (3分) （本题考查语义学和语用学之间的异同。传统语义学只研究句法成分的意义，尤其词义及其关系，同义关系，反义关系和上下义关系。还有句子意义以及句子之间的关系，同义反复关系，矛盾关系等。语用学则研究语言的使用，尤其是研究在具体语境下的交际意义，会话含义，言语行为，话语意义等）2. Study the passage taken from Shakespeares HAMLET and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident. (10 points)King: Where is Pelonius?Hamlet: In heaven, send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,Seek him i the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV. Scene iiiFrom the scene above we can see the changes reveal as follows:(1) morphological change: thither there, nosesmell, (2) syntactic change: change in negation rule your messenger find him not thereyour messenger does not find there you find him not there you do not find him there(3)loss of words: i(in)0 (5分) From the changes shown above, we can find that from the Middle English to the Modern English, the morphological rules and syntactic have undergone changes, i(in) is seldom found in modern English. (5分)(本题主要考查语言变化问题。考生可以从历史语言学，词汇学和社会语言学各自的角度出发回答问题，具体解释形态变化，句法变化等)3. Point out three ways in which modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. (10 points)(1) Most linguistic analysis today id focused on speech rather than writing. Everything considered, speech is believed to be more representative of human language than writing. In spite of the common features they share, they differ because they are transmitted in different channels. This is one major difference between linguists today and the grammarians of the 19th century. (4分)(2) Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive while traditional grammar is hugely prescriptive. Many early grammars were based on “high” (literal, religious) written language. Grammarians often use logical and aesthetic criteria to judge the correctness of sentences and lay down rules for “correct” behavior. Linguistics today, however, has made a special point of guarding against prescriptivism. They believe that whatever occurs in natural speech should be described in their analysis. (3分)(3) Another difference is the priority of synchronic descriptions over the traditional diachronic studies. Modern linguistics holds that unless the various states of a language are successfully studied it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development. (3分)（本题主要考查传统语法与现代语言学之间的差异。传统英语语法借鉴了拉丁语法，主要根据书面语语料，因此是规定语法，而不是描写语法。而现代语言学是以人们的言语为基础研究语言的本质及其规律。语言来源于言语，而高于言语；语言是语言学研究的对象，文字是辅助工具，它反映了语言，但是次于语言。现代语言学主要是共时语言学，而不是历时语言学）Does the constancy under negation test work as a means of finding the presuppositions of the following sentences? What are the presuppositions：(a) John regrets that he broke your computer.(b)The pregnant engineer went on a holiday.(c) His brother is bald. (15 points)The “constancy under negation” test states that the presupposition remains true when a sentence is negated. This test has provided a way to find the presuppositions of the following sentences.（3分）(a) John regrets that he broke your computer.The negated form should be “John doesnt regret that he broke your computer”. Therefore, one obvious presupposition turns out to be “John broke your computer”. (another presupposition is that: You have a computer.) （4分）(b) The pregnant engineer went on a holiday.The negated form should be “The pregnant engineer didnt go on a holiday. Thus, two of its presuppositions are “the engineer is female” and “the engineer is pregnant”. （分）( c) His brother is bald.The negated form should be “His brother is not bald”. From this, one presupposition of it should be “He has a brother”. （4分）(本题主要考查语义学知识，句子意义之间的关系。否定方法确实能帮助我们发现预设，但是不一定一定如此，因为有时同时有几个预设)Define SYLLABUS, and describe the whole process of syllabus design with major links. (20pints)Syllabus, also called curriculum, is the planning of a course of instruction. It is a description of the course content, teaching procedures and learning experienc