Unit28 Wireless SensorNetwork.doc

Unit 28 Wireless Sensor NetworksKey Words and Terms1. wireless sensor networks 无线传感器网络2. exponential adj.指数的，含有幂数的3. throughout n.生产量，通过量4. infrastructure n.基本设施5. overview n. 概观，概述6. thermostat n. 自动调温器，恒温器7. damper n. 风门，节气阀8. intriguing adj. 迷人的，有迷惑力的，引起兴趣的9. transparently adv. 明亮地，显然地10. symbiotical adj. 共生现象，协作的11. joystick n. 操作杆12. sporadically adv. 偶发地，零星地13. ranch n. 大农场14. estrus n. 动情期15. irrigation v. 灌溉，修水利16. labor-intensive n. 劳动密集17. ventilate v. 使通风18. transceiver n. 无线电收发机，收发器19. mercury n. 汞20. microcantilever n. 微机械构件，微悬臂梁Notations and Translation In recent years, the desire for connectivity has caused an exponential growth in wireless communication. Wireless data networks, in particular, have led this trend due to the increasing exchange of data in Internet services such as the World Wide Web, E-mail, and data file transfers. The capabilities needed to deliver such services are characterized by an increasing need for data throughput in the network; applications now under development, such as wireless multimedia distribution in the home, indicate that this trend will continue. Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) provide an example of this phenomenon. Other potential wireless network applications exist, however. These applications, which have relaxed throughput requirements and often measured in a few bits per day, include industrial control and monitoring; home automation and consumer electronics; security and military sensing; asset tracking and supply chain management; intelligent agriculture; and health monitoring. Because most of these low-data-rate applications involve sensing of one form or another, networks supporting them have been called wireless sensor networks, or Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs), because they require short-range links without a preexisting infrastructure. An overview of application of wireless sensor networks to home automation, consumer electronics, intelligent agriculture and environmental sensing follows.然而，还存在其他潜在的无线网络应用。这些应用对流量的要求不高且通常只是每天几位的流量，包括工业控制与监测、家庭自动化与消费电子、安全与军事检测、资产跟踪与供应链管理、智能农业以及健康监测等。由于大多数的这些低速率应用包含检测各种各样的信号，支持的网络就称为无线传感网络；或者低速无线个人区域网络，即这些应用要求是：在小的范围内可以不存在有线网络基础设施。 The home is a very large application space for wireless sensor networks. Many of the industrial applications just described have parallels in the home. For example, a home heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system equipped with wireless thermostats and dampers can keep the rooms on the sunny side of the house comfortablewithout chilling the occupants on the shady side of the housemore effectively than a home equipped with only a single, wired thermostat. However, many other opportunities are available. One application is the “universal” remote control, a personal digital assistant (PDA)-type device that can control not only the television, DVD player, stereo, and other home electronic equipment, but the lights, curtains, and locks that are also equipped with a wireless sensor network connection. With the universal remote control, one may control the house from the comfort of ones armchair. Its most intriguing potential, however, comes from the combination of multiple services, such as having the curtains close automatically when the television is turned to, or perhaps automatically muting the home entertainment system when a call is received on the telephone or the doorbell rings. With the scale and personal computer both connected via a wireless sensor network, ones weight may be automatically recorded without the need for manual intervention (and the possibility of stretching the truth “just this once”).另一项应用是“通用”遥控，使用一个PAD类型的装置就不仅可以控制电视、DVD、立体声音响以及其他家用电子设备，还可以控制灯光、窗帘和门锁这样一些具有无线传感网络功能的设备。 A major use of wireless sensor networks in the home is expected to be for personal computer peripherals, such as wireless keyboards and mice. Such applications take advantage of the low cost and low power consumption that are the sine qua non snekwnn of wireless sensor networks. Another application in the home is sensor-based information appliances that transparently interact and work symbiotically together as well as with the home occupant. These networks are an extension of the information appliances proposed by Norman.sine qua non 必须资格，必要条件symbiotical adj. 共生现象，协作的无线传感网络的一个主要应用可以看成是个人计算机的外设，如无线键盘、无线鼠标。这些应用利用了低成本、低功耗这些无线传感网络的必要条件的优势。另一项在家庭中的应用是基于传感器的信息家电，这些信息家电可以和居住者之间“透明”地相互作用并协同工作。这种网络是诺尔曼所提出的信息家电概念的延伸。 Toys represent another large market for wireless sensor networks. The list of toys that can be enhanced or enabled by wireless sensor networks is limited only by ones imagination, and range from conventional radio-controlled cars and boats to computer games employing wireless joysticks and controllers. A particularly intriguing field is personal computer (PC)-enhanced toys, which employ the computing power of a nearby computer to enrich the behavior of the toy itself. For example, speech recognition and synthesis may be performed by placing the microphone and speaker in the top, along with the appropriate analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters, but employing a wireless connection to the computer, which performs the recognition and synthesis functions. By not using the relatively expensive yet limited speech recognition and synthesis circuits in the toy, and using the (much more powerful) computing power already present in the computer, the cost of the toy may be significantly reduced, while greatly improving the capabilities and performance of the toy. It is also possible to give the toy complex behavior that is not practical to implement in other technologies.but adv.只，仅仅 He left one hour ago 他一小时前刚离开synthesis sinisis; sinsis n. 合成，综合，综合分析玩具是无线传感网络的另一个大的市场。可以用无线传感网络来增强功能或者使能的玩具清单，只要想得到就可以做得到；从传统的遥控汽车、船只到装备无线操纵杆和无线控制器的计算机游戏。一个特别迷人的领域是用个人计算机增强玩具的功能，即利用附近的计算机的计算功能来提高玩具的性能。例如，通过给玩具装备麦克风与扬声器再加上适当的数模转换器和模数转换器，仅仅利用与计算机的无线连接，就可以用计算机实现语音识别与合成。Another major home application is an extension of the Remote Keyless Entry (RKE) feature found on many automobiles. With wireless sensor networks, wireless locks, door and window sensors, and wireless light controls, the homeowner may have a device similar to a key fob with a button. When this button is pressed, the device locks all the doors and windows in the home, turns off most indoor lights (save a few night lights), turns on outdoor security lights, and sets the homes HVAC system to nighttime (sleeping) mode. The user receives a reassuring “beep” once this is all done successfully, and sleeps soundly, knowing that the home is secure. Should a door be left open, or some other problem exists, a small display on the device indicates the source of the trouble. The network may even employ a full home security system to detect a broken window or other trouble. Outside of the home, the location-aware capabilities of wireless sensor networks are suitable for a diverse collection of consumer-related activities, including tourism and shopping. In these applications, location can be used to provide context-specific information to the consumer. In the case of the tourism guide, the user is provided only information relevant to the products before him, including sale items and special discounts and offers.context-specific 上下文特定的 A textbook example of the use of wireless sensor networks in agriculture is the rain gauge. Large farms and ranches may cover several square miles, and they may receive rain only sporadically and only on some portions of the farm. Irrigation is expensive, so it is important to know which fields have received rain, so that irrigation may be omitted, and which fields have not and must be irrigated. Such an application is ideal for wireless sensor networks. The amount of data sent over the network can be very low (as low as one bit-“yes or no”-in response to the “Did it rain today?” query), and the message latency can be on the order of minutes. Yet, costs must be low, and power consumption must be low enough for the entire network to last an entire growing season.rain gauge 雨量计the order of 的数量级 The wireless sensors network is capable of much more than just soil moisture measurements, however, because the network can be fitted with a near-infinite variety of chemical and biological sensors. The data that is provided by such a network is capable of providing the farmer with a graphical view of soil moisture; temperature; the need for pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers; received sunshine; and many other quantities. This type of application is especially important in vineyards, where subtle environmental changes may have large effects on the value of the crop and how it is processed.pesticide pestisaid; pesti.said杀虫剂herbicide h:bisaid; h:b.said除草剂suicidesui.said; su:i.said n. 自杀，自杀者，自取灭亡的行为adj. 自杀性的fertilizer 肥料 The location determination features of many wireless sensor networks also may be used in advanced control systems to enable more automation of farming equipment. Many applications of wireless sensor networks are also used on ranches. Ranchers may use wireless sensor networks in the location determination of animals within the ranch and, with sensors placed on each animal, determine the need for treatments to prevent parasites. Dairydri farmers may use wireless sensors to determine the onset of estrus in cattle, a labor-intensive manual process at present. Hog and chicken farmers typically have many animals in cooled, ventilated barns. Should the temperature rise excessively, many thousands of animals may be lost. Wireless sensor networks can be used to monitor the temperature throughout the barn, keeping the animals safe.许多的无线传感器网络应用于大农场。他们将无线传感器网络用于农场内畜禽的定位。可以将传感器安装在畜禽的身上，以确定是否需要采取措施预防寄生虫。奶农们可以将无线传感器安装在奶牛的身上以确定它们的发情期，这个工作在现在是一个劳动强度很大的手工活。养猪棚和养鸡棚内通常都有许多的畜禽，要求凉快、通风良好。如果温度升高太多，数以千计的畜禽就会死亡。将无线传感网络用于养猪棚或养鸡棚的各处，可以保证畜禽的安全。parasite prsait; pr.sait寄生虫dairy dri; deri n. 牛奶场，乳品店，乳制品daily di r a. 每日的estrusestrs n. 发情， 发情期hog 猪barnb:n n. 谷仓， 牲口棚throughoutru:aut prep. 遍及，贯穿 adv. 自始至终，到处 Wireless sensor networks may also be used for low-power sensing of environmental contaminants kntmnntsuch as mercury. Integrated microcantilever sensors sensitive to particular contaminants can achieve parts-per-trillion sensitivities. These microelectromechanical sensors (MEMS) may be integrated with a wireless transceiver in a standard complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process, providing a very low-cost solution to the monitoring of chemical and biological agents.parts-per-trillion, PPT, trillion 万亿parts-per-million, PPMparts-per-billion, PPBtera/giga/mega/killo/hector/decadeci/centri/milli/micro/nano/picoNotes For example, a home heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system equipped with wireless thermostats and dampers can keep the rooms on the sunny side of the house comfortable-without chilling the occupants on the shady side of the house-more effectively than a home equipped with only a single, wired thermostat.例如，装有无线恒温器和风量调节阀的住宅暖通空调系统能使向阳的房间舒适的同时使背阳面的房间不会阴冷，这要比仅仅装有单个的有线的恒温器的住宅更加有效。 It is also possible to give the toy complex behavior that is not practical to implement in other technologies. 给玩具添上复杂的动作也是可能的，而这使用其他技术是不可能实现的。 The wireless sensors network is capable of much more than just soil moisture measurements, however, because the network can be fitted with a near-infinite variety of chemical and biological sensors. 然而，因为可以与各种各样的化学和生物传感器相集成，无线传感器网络就不仅仅能够进行土壤湿度的监测。 The location determination features of many wireless sensor networks also may be used in advanced control systems to enable more automation of farming equipment.许多无线传感器的定位特性也可以被用于先进的控制系统，以便提高农机设备的自动化程度。 These microelectromechanical sensors (MEMS) may be integrated with a wireless transceiver in a standard complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process, providing a very low-cost solution to the monitoring of chemical and biological agents. 这些微机电传感器能够与按标准的互补金属氧化半导体工艺制造的无线收发器集成，为微量化学和生物成分的监测提供一个低成本的方案。providing a very low-cost solution 分词短语作伴随状语Raspberry Pis Eben Upton: A self-employed worldIf we let people control technology rather than being its slave, it will lead us away from a world where we work for large corporations and towards one where we can turn our own ideas into reality, thinks Raspberry Pi founder Eben Upton.For the last 20 years weve become alienated from technology, says Upton. For many of us technology exists to consume things produced by other people.In the 1980s, people could learn to program on their home computers, and for Upton it proved to be a transformative experience it provided a feeling of power when as a child he felt powerless. Now we live in a world of fixed-function devices like games consoles that are non-programmable, or computers that are programmable but its hard to learn how.But as shown by his Raspberry Pi project, a cheap, credit-card-sized computer designed to encourage teaching of programming in schools, children and adults really want to have a deeper relationship with technology. They want to be able to control the technology around them, rather than be its slave.So you can begin to imagine a world where many people have ideas and can turn those ideas into reality, without having to join a large organization and give up a part of the value that they create. This self-employed world would lead to a massive increase in productivity and would open the door to a massive improvement in individual wellbeing, thinks Upton.If you look back in history, people used to work for themselves, its only in the last 200-300 years that we have had more of a corporatist era, where more and more people work for large companies. These things are always driven by changes in technology. If we give people access to tools, and allow them to control their environment and destiny, Upton thinks it will allow us to progress down the road to a self-employed future.alienate vt.使疏远；离间；让与；麻木corporatist adj.社团主义的；各阶级合作的destiny n.命运trustee n.理事/wiki/Eben_Upton Eben Christopher Upton is a Technical Director and ASIC architect for Broadcom. He is also a founder and trustee of the Raspberry Pi Foundation, responsible for the overall software and hardware architecture of the Raspberry Pi deviceEducationUpton completed a Bachelor of Arts degree in Physics and Engineering in 1999 at the University of Cambridge. He went on to do the Cambridge Diploma in Computer Science graduating in 2001. Upton completed his Doctor of Philosophy degree in the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory.3 After finishing his PhD he completed an executive Master of Business Administration at the Cambridge Judge Business School4 while working in industryCareerPrior to working at Broadcom, Upton was Director of Studies in Computer Science at St Johns College, Cambridge with responsibility for undergraduate admissions and organizing teaching for St Johns undergraduate students on the Computer Science Tripos.He has been a visiting Researcher at Intel Corporation,5 Founder and Chief Technology Officer at Ideaworks3D and a Software engineer at IBM.6 树莓派由注册于英国的慈善组织“Raspberry Pi 基金会”开发，EbenUpton/埃厄普顿为项目带头人。2012年3月，英国剑桥大学埃本阿普顿（Eben Epton）正式发售世界上最小的台式机，又称卡片式电脑，外形只有信用卡大小，却具有电脑的所有基本功能，这就是Raspberry Pi电脑板，中文译名树莓派！这一基金会以提升学校计算机科学及相关学科的教育，让计算机变得有趣为宗旨。基金会期望这 一款电脑无论是在发展中国家还是在发达国家，会有更多的其它应用不断被开发出来，并应用到更多领域。在2006年树莓派早期概念是基于Atmel的 ATmega644单片机，首批上市的10000“台”树莓派的“板子”，由中国台湾和大陆厂家制造。截止至2012年6月1日，树莓派只有A和B两个型号，主要区别：A型：1个USB、无有线网络接口、功率2.5W,500mA、256MB RAM；B型：2个USB、支持有线网络、功率3.5W，700mA、512MB RAM。ASIC Application Specific Integrated CircuitTripos n.优等考试；荣誉学位考试 Wireless electricity? Its here(CNN) - Katie Hall was shocked the second she saw it: a light-bulb glowing in the middle of a room with no wires attached.Looking back, it was a crude experiment, she remembers: a tiny room filled with gigantic copper refrigerator coils - the kind youd see if you cracked open the back of your freezer.She walked in and out between the coils and the bulb - and still the bulb glowed.I said: Lets work on this. This is the future.Whats the trick?Were going to transfer power without any kind of wires, says Dr Hall, now Chief Technology Officer at WiTricity, a startup developing wireless resonance technology.But, were not actually putting electricity in the air. What were doing is putting a magnetic field in the air.It works like this: WiTricity builds a Source Resonator, a coil of electrical wire that generates a magnetic field when power is attached.If another coil is brought close, an electrical charge can be generated in it. No wires required.When you bring a device into that magnetic field, it induces a current in the device, and by that youre able to transfer power, explains Dr Hall.And like that, the bulb lights up.Wireless homesDont worry about getting zapped: Hall assures that the magnetic fields used to transfer energy are perfectly safe - in fact, they are the same kind of fields used in Wi-Fi routers.In the house of the future, wire-free energy transfer could be as easy as wireless internet.If all goes to WiTricitys plans, smartphones will charge in your pocket as you wander around, televisions will flicker with no wires attached, and electric cars will refuel while sitting on the drivewa