Superconductivity UK Dioride Conductors Ltd..ppt

superconductivityuk dr philipsargent diborideconductorsltd commercialsuperconductors cryogenicsandtransformers thistalk materialsreviewandpricepredictionsbsccomgb2ybcocryogenicsconsiderationssuperconductingtransformers commercialwire tape commercialproduction niobiumalloys nbti nb3snetc b2223 silvertape 1stgenerationhtspre commercial mgb2industriallaboratory ybco2ndgenerationhts coatedconductor keyissuesforpowerapplications overallcurrentdensityjeofconductor notjustofsuperconductorperformanceinfieldmultiplefilamentsforacapplicationsanisotropyofjcwithrespecttofielddirection cost conductoritselfcooling aclosses scalabilityoffabricationmechanicalstrength bendradius hts perovskiteceramics ybco yba2cu3o7 b2223 bi2sr2ca2cu3o engineeringimplications requiresnearsingle crystalmicrostructurebycomplexprocessing oxiderequiresfurnacetreatmentincontrolledoxygenatmosphere insilver highlyanisotropicresultingtape alongandacrosstape sensitivetomagneticfielddirection amsc sumitomo amsc sumitomohaveareciprocallicensingagreement americansuperconductor55filament b2223 tape sumitomo b2223 tape amscb2223manufacturingplant largerbillets processautomation longerstrands multi dies fasterline speed combinationofprocessstepsbeganvolumeproductioninearly2003fullcapacitycouldbe20 000km year now900km year howmuchdoesitcosttobuythewiretocarry1000ampsadistanceof1m copper 6 ka m 22 ka mdependingoncurrentdensity 400 100a cm2 superconductorstypicallyquotedatjcandat77kandeitherzeromagneticfieldor selffield cryogenicofhccoppercanbe0 06 ka m nbtiisapprox 0 9 ka minliquidhelium price performance ka m reducedmanufacturingcosts m andincreasedwireperformance currentcarryingcapacity 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 ka m 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 price performanceratio ka m world sfirsthtswiremanufacturingplantopenedbyamsc price performance ka m 200 ka m b2223 commercialproducts at 50 kam 77k price performanceratiosignificantmarketswouldbeenabled itwasthoughtin 1999 utilitygenerators 100mva shippropulsionmotorsandgenerators 5mw windturbinegenerators 4mw urbant dpowercablesindustrialmagneticprocessingsignificantworldwideindustryinb2223americansuperconductor innova nordicsuperconductor sumitomoelectric vacuumschmelze trithor magneticfield highmagneticfieldreducescurrentcarryingcapacitylowertemperaturesenhancecurrentcarryingcapacitytransformers cablesandfclsarelowmagneticfielddevicesb2223at27kcarriestwicethecurrent so ka mreducesto100 ka m diboride ybco ybcoandsimilarcompoundshavehadresearchworth billionsdevotedtotheirphysicsandprocessing mgb2wasdiscoveredinjanuary2001 physicsnowentirelyunderstood bothcanbemadein tapegeometrymassivelumpsfornewmotordesigns magnesiumdiboride s p 39k magnesiumdiboride 400 kg makingdiboridetape simplesintering 700c insitub mgwithfebarrierinmonelsheath withiron toughtomakemultifilament mostlikelybecabled twisted monofilamentsforlowaclossconductor workingonoutersheathsofmonel cu ni andcutoimprovestabilization hypertechresearch magnesiumdiboride mgb2 advantagesnoweak linkeffects lowanisotropyeasytofabricatewires films 10 ka mpotentialchallengestc 40k 77kapplicationslikecables transformersnotviable highfieldapplicationssuchasnmrnotviablepossibleapplicationsin20 30krangeformodestfieldenvironments e g rotatingmachinery ybcocoatedconductor rolled texturednickeltape ni w oxidebufferlayer preservestextureybco oranalogue e g hobco preservestexturenear singlecrystal 100sofmetreslong 10 ka mpotential butextraordinaryplantcost ybco nitape oxidebufferlayerdeposition ybco ybcoprecursor ybcooxygenationandconversion ybcocoatedconductortape activeprogramsinus japanandeuropeexamplesofresultsin2001 122a 75k over1mbylanlworldrecordformeterlength50aover10mbyfujikuraworldrecordfor10meterlengthover60m fujikuraworld slongestprocessedtape ybcocctechnicalissues adequateuniformityoverlengthstabilitytoover currentsorcracksadequatecurrentinmodfilmsmechanicalproperties spalling crackingstabilityofmetal oxideepitaxialinterfacedepositionrateforionbeamandlaserprocessesthickerthan3micronybco butmusthavethat10 ka mprocess b2223 1g toybco 2g reducedmanufacturingcosts m andincreasedwireperformance currentcarryingcapacity 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 ka m 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 price performanceratio ka m world sfirsthtswiremanufacturingplantopenedbyamsc price performance ka m 200 ka m ornlmodel assumedbyanalogywithotherfibresb2223 ybcowirecost ka m technology s curves effort performance copper iron htsg1 75y 17y 2003 powertechnologies conclusions superconductorsforacpower htsg1 b2223tapediboride mgb2wirehtsg2 ybcocctape acpowersuperconductors temperatures 0 20 40 60 80 t k he h ne o n co liquidphaseat1atmosphere cryogeniccoolingcosts 30 cryogenics highacpowerisintrinsictotransformerscableshavehighlosses soneedcryogensconduction cooleddesignsneedexploring20 24kand27k 60kforotherapplicationsthermalreservoirsneedinvestigatingtopeak shavecryogenicscapitalcostsreducingthecapitalcostofcryogenicsisasimportantastheirefficiencyforgridmarkets cooling purchasecosts thereisatrade offbetweencryogeniccapitalcostandmaterialscapitalcost colderrunningmeanslessmaterialrequiredbutmorecryogenics thecheaperthesuperconductor thehighertheoptimumoperatingtemperature comparingdifferentmaterialsthereforerequiresawhole systemcomparisoncompetitionbetweenmaterialsisapplicationdependenttransportapplicationsarealwaysmoreattractive cost prediction source mulhollandetal doejune2003 cryogenicpatents qi3limited 2003 targets copper 6 22 ka m 400to100a cm2 b2223 100 ka m at27k dickblaugher nrel abbhtstransformer 100mva 225 20kvoilfree liquidnitrogen68k20 lowerweight80 lowerloadlosses5 smallervolumeshortcircuitreactance50 ofconventional25 over loadabilitywithoutacceleratedageing150 firstcost90 lifecyclecostshortcircuitcurrentlimitationinfirsthalfwave selfrestoringfcl 11m135000kg 5m otherhtstransformerbenefits reducedneedforloadtapchangerunitsreducedsystemvarrequirementsreductionincapacitorbankswithagenerator reducedvarenablesadditionalgeneratorcapacitysoreducedcapitalcostofgenerator abbconclusions withcurrentcostsforenergyandequipment anopenlooprefrigerationsystemisthemosteconomical themechanicalrefrigerationindustryisnotcurrentlyabletomeetperformancetargetsrequiredforacommercialutilityproduct cryocoolersaretooexpensive maintenanceintervalsaretooshort andproductionmethodsarenotcosteffective thenumberofcompetitorsinthefieldislimited andthecompaniesaregenerallysmalloperations productionscale upandcomprehensiveglobalservicecouldbeproblematicneartermmarkettoosmalltojustifycontinuationofproject waukesha ornlproject waukesha24