2013年毕业论文正文格式模板.doc

Times New Roman、小二、加粗，居中 AbstractTimes New Roman, 小四、首行空两个汉字符，其他两端对齐，1.5倍行距，首行前面空两个汉字符，与上文空一行。“Abstrac”加粗。 Thought, language and culture are closely interrelated. Language embodies thoughts and thoughts dominate language, but both under the general framework of culture. Different thinking modes of the Chinese and the Westerners have always been a top academic issues. Such academic celebrity as Jia Dejiang, Liu Miqing, R. Scholar and Kaplan have conducted systematic studies on it and have yielded amazing results. Differences in Chinese and English thinking modes can be classified in various aspects. Chinese thinking modes tend to focus on visual effects, to generalize, be subject-oriented, tortuous and fuzzy, and above all be paratactic. The English thinking modes on the other hand are generally rational, analytical, object-targeted and straight forward and tend to by accurate and above all focus on hypotaxis Of course other scholars may classify them from some other aspects. These special features in thinking modes are fully manifested in the two languages, lexically, syntactically, semantically, grammatically and contextually. Ignorance of these features may cause negative effects on translation such as stubborn rendering resulting from ignorance of different syntactic preferences, misleading rendering due to differences in viewpoints, awkward transferring for ignorance of rhetoric preference, inaccurate translation caused by improper diction or wordy diction regardless of the syntactic structural differences.In order to avoid the above problems, sufficient cultural background information will be helpful and strategies such as shifting translation, graphic translation, backward translation shall be adopted. It can be thus concluded that translation cannot afford to neglect differences in thinking modes and that the corresponding strategy may greatly help improve the translation quality. （中文摘要的对应译文）Times New Roman、小四、加粗,1.5倍行距，与上文空一行Keywords Chinese and English thinking modes； differences； linguistic embodiment； translation strategies；（注意：关键词与中文对应, 3-5个，词与词之间用分号分开，除专有名词外，其他单词首字母不大写）小二号、黑体、加粗、居中。两字之间空2个字符。中 文 摘 要 思维、语言与文化有着紧密的联系。语言是思维的载体，思维是语言的内容，这一切都统一在文化的总框架内。中西思维方式的差异一直是国内外学术界关注的重点研究课题。国内贾德江、刘宓庆，西方的R. Kaplan等学者对此课题进行了深入的研究，并取得了令人瞩目的成果。中英思维方式的差异可以从很多方面进行分类。中国人的思维总的来说是如重意象的直观性，对事物规律的归纳总结和重视主体的感受和内在逻辑性联系的意合，体现为主螺旋型上升趋势，具有明显的模糊性。而英国人的思维方式则重理性与分析性，注重对客体的临摹与再现，所以其思维呈直线状态，具有精确性的特点，强调严谨的外在形式的融合等。当然不同的学者也从其他方面进行了分类。这些思维方式在两个民族的语言上也有充分的体现，从词汇、句法、语义、语法和文体上分别呈现了明显的差异。对这些差异的忽视往往导致中英翻译中出现各种错误，如过于拘泥于原文的字面，忽略两种语言的句法特征，忽略不同的视角和文体特色，或者由于句法差异而导致在目的语的累赘表述等。 为了避免上述问题，通常要有充分的文化背景知识，然后采取转换翻译策略，包括词类，词义，句法结构等的转换，同时也可以采取临摹翻译法和反向翻译法等策略。由此可见，思维方式的差异对翻译质量的影响不容忽视，必须采取相应的策略，以提高翻译质量。(400-450字)小四、宋体、加粗，行首空两个汉字符，与上文空一行关键词 中英思维方式；差异；语言表现；翻译策略 （摘要和关键词应充分反映和概括论文的精神，并与英文摘要相对应；关键词3-5个，词与词之间用分号分开）Undergraduate Thesis of Faculty of Foreign Studies Yangtze University College of Arts and ScienceContentsI Introduction.1II Literature Review.22.1 Aristotelian School: Metaphora Device of Rhetoric.22.2 The Platonic SchoolLanguage is Metaphorical. 5 2.3 The Study of Metaphor From the 20th Century to the Present .6III On Similarity7VI On the Mechanism of Metaphor.154.1 Blacks Interaction theory.154.1.1 Introduction to the Interaction Theory.154.1.2 Some Defects of the Interaction Theory.164.2 Lakoffian Conceptual Metaphor Theory.194.2.1 The Philosophical Basis of lakoffian Theory.19 4.2.2 Lakoffian Theory on the Mechanism of Metaphor214.3 Conceptual Integration Theory.294.3.1 An Introduction to the Conceptual Integration Theory.294.3.1.1 Four Mental Spaces.29 4.3.1.2 Three Processes of BT.334.3.1.3 Optimality Principles of BT.344.3.2 The Advantages of BT in Solving the Paradox of Former Theories 344.3.2.1 The Generic Mental Space.344.3.2.2 The Blending Space and Emergent Structure.354.3.2.3 The Other Advantages of BT.40V Conclusion.42Bibliography.45Acknowledgements46(本目录仅为格式模板。实际目录请确保内容和页码与正文完全相符。目录格式说明：大标题：三号、Times New Roman、加粗、居中二级标题：小四、Times New Roman、不加粗、缩进一个字母三级标题：小四、Times New Roman、不加粗、缩进约3个字母四级标题：小四、Times New Roman、不加粗、缩进约6个字母 ）论文各级标题大小写原则各级标题保持一致，各个单词的首字母符合大写原则的话都大写。1.题目的第一个单词首字母要大写；2.冠词首字母都不需要大写；3.字母多于三个(不含三个)的介词、连词首字母要大写；4.名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、感叹词首字母要大写；5.大写所有英语中要求大写的单词。如月份、人名、地名等等。这几条原则的优先性是递减的，也就是说，如果几条原则之间出现了矛盾的情况，应优先实用前面的原则。如：如果题目的第一个单词是冠词或不多于二个字母的介词时也应该大写。一级标题单独起页、Times New Roman，小二号、顶格加粗、下空6磅行距一行。题号用罗马数字标注，数字后面不加任何标点符号。注意上面页眉 I Introduction正文用Times New Roman小四、22磅行距，标准字间距。段首缩进两个汉字符。Language by nature is the embodiment of human thoughts and thoughts in turn is the mental reflection of the world around us on basis of some analysis, generalization, judgment and reasoning. Animals have thoughts as well, but their awkward sounds for communication are far from being language. Language is therefore closely related to and supported by human thoughts. That is to say, language has no basis for its existence if there is no thought. But thoughts, though accessible by various means, are best represented in language and can thus best fulfill its obligations to the speakers by such means. Language as an arbitrary, phonetic and morphologic semiotic and audio system of communication, has long defined as human and is thus the most convincing distinctive features of human beings from animals. The thinking patterns are one of the most important cues in culture. It is closely related to cultures and embodies the characteristics of cultural psychology. Besides, the modes of thinking also are closely related to language. Different modes of thinking are embodied in language.(i) The relationship among language, culture and thoughtLanguage is part of culture. Such as Chinese language is part of Chinese culture. Each country has its own language in a specific culture. However, their relationship is not just between part and whole. Language is the carrier and contained of culture, as many aspects of culture can be expressed in language. As a mirror of culture, language is strongly influenced and shaped by culture. In all, language and culture are closely related; each influences and shapes the other.Language is an instrument used in the communication of thought. It is closely related to thought, too. It represents thought and is influenced by thought. In turn, thought is influenced by language. In addition, thought is determined by cultural value. Their relationships with each other seem more complex. In a word, each of them influences and shapes others. They are seen as three parts of a whole.(ii) Different ways of thinking between Chinese and Western“The ways of thinking is quite different, actually, people live in certain area have their own way of thinking. It connects to various kinds of factors, such as geography, history, nation and so on. The ways of thinking are the important reason of cultural difference. It includes knowledge, concepts, methods, language and custom and so on.” （Deng Yanchang：1997，483）These factors influence each other, which led to different ways of thinking. Therefore, the ways of thinking have their own characteristics, like geography characteristics, social characteristics and national characteristics, etc. According to geography characteristics, it can be divided into Han nation, English and American nation, etc. Here we will make a comparison on Chinese and Western ways of thinking.引文：前缩进10个字母、后不缩进、上下各空1行ibid, 表示此处所引文字与上一处所引出处相同，页码另行标注。“The different ways of thinking in fact are the reflection of cultural difference. People who live in different areas for a long time have different cultural characteristics; therefore, their ways of thinking are different.”（ibid. 484）Under the influence of different geography environments, life styles, customs and different cultural values; the East and West are different from ways of thinking. Let us examine some phenomena:In the college, a foreign teacher is teaching in a class, he is talkative and expressive. Everyone listens to him interestingly. Suddenly, he stops and asks them a question. However, the students dont know how to answer, they dont tell the answers. The teacher got a little angry but he had no idea on their behavior. This scene often happens in Chinese classroom. In the foreigners eyes, they consider that keeping silent is not a good way when we contact with others. Even you dont understand, you should say something instead of keeping silent, as it often is regarded as rude and impolite.The reason lies in that the East and the West have a different way of thinking. The Eastern people are conservative, introvert and inactive, they put more emphasis on harmony, and they like common and stable life; while the Western people are more open-minded, extrovert and active, they like changeable life and thus they emphasize on competition. In this way, their different ways of thinking lead to their different understanding on each others behavior. If Chinese see somebody is talkative, they could think he or she wants to extent himself or herself to be the focus of everyone.In China, we seldom see a couple making close contact in public. They are always walking side by side in a certain distance. While in the West, the couple will open to the public; they are free to show that they are a couple. Even they meet the acquaintances; they always give them a hug or kiss as greeting. Controversially, Chinese will shake hands with their friends but seldom hug them. They dont kiss them as they regard it as an intimate action between husband and wife.The reason why the east and the west people behave so differently is that people live in the East emphasize on ethic principal, morality, they focus on direct feeling and image. The westerners focus on freedom, democracy and emphasize on individual. In all, Chinese traditional way of thinking has its own characteristics. It emphasizes the morality, harmony of the society; it promotes the collectivism, responsibility and devotion and so on. The western way of thinking also has its own characteristics. It emphasizes on logic and science, individual achievement, it promotes human right, equality and so on.The great geographic distance between the British and the Chinese peoples, together with the accompanying different living conditions and cultural environments, has much accounted for the diverse conceptual patterns of the two nations. Such conceptual differences have been duly reflected in and shed great influence on the two languages. Translation between the two languages is consequently far beyond linguistic rendering, but more of cultural transferring and exchange of conceptual patterns. 41Undergraduate Thesis of Faculty of Foreign Studies Yangtze University College of Arts and ScienceII Literature ReviewAccording to Jia Dejiang, “thinking patterns, thought characteristics and thinking styles are the philosophical mechanism of language production. Language actually attaches closely to the thought that is the profound mechanism.”(Jia DeJiang：2002，166) Thinking patterns are the deep-rooted mechanism in the formulation and development of language, which in turn promotes the specialties in certain conceptual patterns. Language is the carrier of reflection and abstraction of reality, and mode of thought is the conscious activity when people reflect and recognize the objective reality. The differences between thinking patterns are the main reasons that result in the differences of language forms, so the study of the transition between different languages should begin with the study of modes of thought in close connection with the cultures and the languages. Another well-recognized Chinese linguistic scholar Liu Miqing has offered apparently different but essentially similar remarks on the relations between language and thought. His standing is that modes of thought has controlled over languages (ibid.35) , and that languages are the concrete manifestation of modes of thought.English-Chinese modes of thought have their own characteristics in thinking core, thinking pattern, cognition habits and thinking principles. As a tool for communication the basic attribute of English and Chinese are the same. But because of the influence of their own cultures, there are many differences between the two. The English individualism and the Chinese entirety, hypotaxis as against parataxis, as passive vs. active, static vs. dynamic, and impersonal vs. personal, have long been recognized as the most distinctive features of the two conceptual patterns which are justified by the apparently different cultures and living methods. As Eugene Nida once puts it, the most important different characteristic between Chinese and English is the difference of parataxis and hypotaxis. (Zhang Sijie & Zhang Boran: 13) Liu Miqing holds the opinion that hypotaxis and parataxis are the “unique characteristic” for English and Chinese. (ibid .13) Conceptual pattern, or mode of thought, is a very complicated abstract conception connected closely to philosophy. English people prefer individualism, which lead to their subordinating the recognized objects into small parts. While Chinese people like entirety, they prefer to take the world as a whole. Thinking patterns have been clearly reflected on languages, as a result of which English is hypotactic and Chinese is paratactic. All metaphors, Aristotle believes, fall into at least one of these four categories, although analogy metaphors are the most pleasing. Aristotle also holds that metaphor can make the prosaic style charming, and stresses that it can only be confined to poetry (ibid. 72). This perspective leads to the later theorists making distinction between poetic language and everyday language. Especially in Chapter 21 and 22 of Poetics, Aristotle states that every word “is either current, or strange, or metaphor, or ornamental, or newly coined, or lengthened, or contracted, or altered”(ibid.70). It is obvious that Aristotle classifies metaphors as lying outside normal language use. They are deviant or aberrant forms of discourse. He also holds that metaphor has no cognitive value and is merely an embellishment of language (Kittay，1965：1). Also in this chapter of Poetics, he elaborates how metaphors are unusual and discusses the relationship between metaphor and genius, viewing metaphor as a talent of epic poets and tragedians:The greatest thing by far is to have a command of metaphor. This alone can not be imported by another; it is the mark of geniusfor to make good metaphors implies an eye for resemblances ( Aristotle，1890：72).R. Kaplan found that in their English writing English learners of different nations show national tendencies in accurate correspondence with their native tongue and national thinking patterns. For instance, the Chinese and the Korean learners are spiral while the native English learners are more straightforward, and those of Latin (French and Spanish) cultural background are tortuous in approaching the theme, the Russians tend to be parallel and segmental and those of Arabian and Hebrew display parallel thinking modes. In this aspect, a Chinese scholar Zhang Daishan in his Chinese Thinking Tendencies (Zhang and el: xxx, xx) summarizes the differences between the English and the Chinese in three aspects: unit vs. opposite, integrity and organic vs. concrete and mechanical as well as circulative vs. straightforward, with the former characteristic of the Chinese while the latter typical of the English. They hold that the Chinese are characterized in their thinking patterns by their introspection, pursue of similarity, circulation, stabilization and visual representation. Another Chinese scholar Zhang Guangming in his Conceptual Thinking in Translation between English and Chinese (Zhang Guangming, xxx, xx) concludes that such differences are best displayed in four aspects, e.g. linguistic concept, comprehension vs. reasoning, comprehensive vs. analytic and unity vs. oppositeness. Lian Shuneng in his essay “On the Thinking Patterns of the Chinese and the Westerners” develops the differences into ten aspects.(Lian Shuneng: xxx,xx) According to Rong Kaiming (1989, 30), thinking modes refers to “an established system of thinking patterns, thinking methods and thinking procedures of the subject in their reflection of the objective world.” Thought is a intrinsic process of human brains in understanding and memorizing the physical as well as non-physical world that we live in, and is a special organic function of the brain. The close interrelation between language and thought further denotes the linguistic differences between different nations as the realization of their thinking modes or conceptual modes. Therefore different languages of different nations can well explain their different thinking modes. As Fu Lei once put it, “the Easterners are essentially different from the Westerners in their thinking modes. The Easterners tend to be general, inductive, implicit and denotative while the Westerners are more analytic, intricate and detailed and descriptive. The two mentalities can hardly be combined. (Fu Lei: xxx, 521). In this sense, translation between English and Chinese is apparently a linguistic transition but essentially mental transferring between two thinking modes. Too much practice have proved that such transferring of thinking modes are not only necessary and applicable but also an efficient means to