21世纪大学英语读写教程第四册Reading_Aloud.doc

Unit 1If great achievers share anything, said Simonton, it is an unrelenting drive to succeed. Theres a tendency to think that they are endowed with something super-normal, he explained. But what comes out of the research is that there are great people who have no amazing intellectual processes. Its a difference in degree. Greatness is built upon tremendous amounts of study, practice and devotion. He cited Winston Churchill, Britains prime minister during World War 2, as an example of a risk-taker who would never give up. Thrust into office when his countrys morale was at its lowest, Churchill rose brilliantly to lead the British people. In a speech following the Allied evacuation at Dunkirk in 1940,he inspired the nation when he said, We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall never surrender.西蒙顿说，如果成就巨大者具有什么共性的话，那就是一种坚持不懈地追求成功的动力。“往往有人认为他们具备一些超常非凡的东西，”他解释道。“但研究表明，有些伟人并没有惊人的智力有的只是程度上的差异而已。伟大是建立在大量的学习、实践和献身精神的基础之上的。” 他举了二战时期的英国首相温斯顿丘吉尔作为永不放弃敢于冒险的典范。丘吉尔在全国士气最为低落的时候被推上了台，并出色地领导了英国人民。在 “我们1940 年盟军敦刻尔克大撤退之后的一次演讲中，他的话激励了全国人民，决不会退缩、永不失败。我们一定要坚持到底.我们永远不会屈服。Unit 2Some persons refrain from expressing their gratitude because they feel it will not be welcome. A patient of mine, a few weeks after his discharge from the hospital, came back to thank his nurse. I didnt come back sooner, he explained, because I imagined you must be bored to death with people thanking you. On the contrary, she replied, I am delighted you came. Few realize how much we need encouragement and how much we are helped by those who give it. Gratitude is something of which none of us can give too much. For on the smiles, the thanks we give, our little gestures of appreciation, our neighbors build up their philosophy of life.有些人不愿表达感激之情，因为他们觉得这不会受欢迎。我的一个病人在 “我没有早点回来，出院的后几个星期回到医院感谢他的护士。 “因 ”他解释说，为我猜想你们对别人的感激一定厌烦得要命。 ” ”她回答说， “正好相反， “我很高兴你来。很少有人明白我们多么需要鼓励，我们从那些鼓励我们的人身上获得了多大的帮助。 ” 我们所给予的感激永远不会过多。因为我们身边的人在构筑他们的人生哲学时所依据的正是这些微笑，正是我们所表示的感谢以及表示感激的小小的举动。Unit 3 The normal Western approach to a problem is to fight it. The saying, “when the going gets tough, the tough get going,” is typical of this aggressive attitude towards problem-solving. No matter what the problem is or the techniques available for solving it, the frame work produce by our Western way of thinking is fight. Dr. de Bono calls this vertical thinking: the traditional, sequential, Aristotelian thinking of logic, moving firmly from one step to the next, like toy blocks is incorrectly placed, then the whole structure collapses. Impasse is reached, and frustrations, tension, feeling of fight take over. Later thinking, Dr. de Bono says, is a new technique of thinking about thingsa technique that avoids this fight altogether, and solves the problem in an entirely unexpected fashion. Lateral thinking sounds simple. And it is. Once you have solved a problem laterally, you wonder how you could ever have been hung up on it. The key is making that vital shift in emphasis, that sidestepping of the problem, instead of attacking it head-on. Dr. A. A. Bridger, psychiatrist at Columbia University and in private practice in New York, explains how lateral thinking works with his patients, “Many people come to me wanting to stop smoking, for instance,” he says. “Most people fail when they are trying to stop smoking because they wind up telling themselves, No，I will not smoke; no, I shall not smoke; no, I will not; no, I cannot .”Its a fight and what happens is you end up smoking more.“So instead of looking at the problem from the old way of no, and fighting it, I show them a whole new point of viewthat you are your bodys keeper, and your body is something though which you experience life. If you stop thinking about it, theres really something helpless about your body. It can do nothing for itself. It has no choice; it is like a babys body. You begin then a whole new way of looking at itI am going to take care of myself, and give myself some respect and protection, by no smoking.” 一般西方人解决问题的方法是与之搏斗。“事情越困难，硬汉子就越向前”这句话便代表了这种解决问题的积极进取的态度。不管是什么问题，或者可以用来解决问题的方法是什么，我们西方人的思维方式产生的基本思路总是搏斗。德博诺博士称之为纵向思维；即传统的、按顺序的、亚里士多德式的逻辑思维，坚定地从一步移到下一步，就象玩具积木一块搭在另一块上。当然，它们的缺陷是，如果在任何时刻其中一步没有达到，或者一块积木没有放对，那么整个结构就会坍塌。事情就会陷入僵局，沮丧、紧张、和搏斗的情绪就会笼罩心头。 横向思维，德博诺博士说，是对事物进行思考的一种新方法-一种完全避免这种拼搏，用完全出人意料的方式解决问题的方法。 在歇洛克福尔摩斯的一个探案中，他的助手华生医生指出有条狗对案子并不重要，因为这条狗看来一无所为。歇洛克福尔摩斯持相反的观点，他坚持认为这条狗一无所为这一事实至关重要，因为它应该有所为，正是在这个基础上他侦破了这个案子。 横向思维听上去很简单。它也的确很简单。一旦你横向地解决了一个问题，你就会奇怪你以前怎么竟会为它心神不宁。关键是作出那个重要的重点转移，横跨一步，避开问题，而不是正面去解决它。 在纽约私人开业的哥伦比亚大学的精神病学家 AA布里杰博士阐述了横向思维对他的病人们如何有用。“比方说，很多想戒烟的人来找我， “大多 ”他说。数人在他们试图戒烟时都失败了，因为他们最后总对自己说， 不，我决不吸烟了；不，我不该吸烟了；不，我决不吸了；不，我不能 .这是一场搏斗，结果是你吸得更多。” “所以我不再让他们用这种老的否定方式来看待这一问题并与之搏斗，而是向他们展示了一个全新的视角-你是你身体的看护人，你是通过你的身体来体验生活的。如果你认真思考一下，你就会发现你的身体的确有一些无能为力的东西。它丝毫不能自理。它没有选择，就象一个婴儿的身体。于是你就开始用全新的方式来看待它-现在我将通过戒烟来照顾自己，给自己一 些尊重和保护。Unit 4When a students work did not measure up to the teachers expectations, as often happened, the student was not treated with disappointment ,anger ,or annoyance .Instead, the teacher assumed that this was an exception, an accident, a bad day, a momentary slip-and the student believed her and felt reassured. The next time around, he tried harder, determined to live up to what the teacher knew he could do. The exact part of communication that tells a child,“ I expect the best, ”is difficult to pinpoint. In part it consists of a level tone showing assurance, a lack of verbal impatience, an absence of negative qualities such as irony, put-downs, and irritation. The teacher who expects the best asks her questions with conviction, knowing the answers she gets will be right, and the child picks up that conviction.当一个学生的功课达不到老师的期望时，正如经常发生的那样，这个学生得到的不是失望、生气或恼怒的对待。相反，老师认为这是一个例外，一次意外事件，倒霉的一天，一次暂时性的失误而学生相信了她，并消除了疑虑。下一次功课，他更加努力了，决心做到老师知道他能做到的事。 很难精确地找出老师传达的信息中到底是哪一部分告诉了孩子：“我期待着最好的成绩。”它的部分成分包括显示着信心的平和声调，没有言语上的不耐烦，没有讽刺、奚落和恼怒等消极因素。期待着最好成绩的老师满怀信心地提出问题，她知道她将得到的答案将是正确的，而孩子也感受到了那种信心。Unit 5 I have often reflected upon the new vistas that reading opened to me. I knew right there in prison that reading had changed forever the course of my life. As I see it today, the ability to read awoke inside me some long dormant craving to be mentally alive. I certainly wasnt seeking any degree, the way a college confers a status symbol upon its students. My homemade education gave me, with every additional book that I read , a little bit more sensitivity to the deafness that was afflicting the black race in America. Not long ago, an English writer telephoned me from London, asking questions. One was,” Whats your alma matter?” I told him, “Books.” You will never catch me with a free fifteen minutes in which Im not studying something I feel might be able to help the black man . 我经常思考阅读为我打开了的新远景，我当时在狱中就知道，阅读已永远改变了我的人生历程。正如今天我明白，阅读能力唤醒了在我内心潜伏已久的对于活跃思想得渴望。我当然不是在追求任何学位，因为学位只是大学附于学生一种地位象征的方式。我通过自学所受到的教育使我每读到一本新书就更加意识到正在折磨美国黑人的聋、哑、盲。不久前，一位英国作家从伦敦打来电话问了我几个问题，其中之一是，“你的母校是哪？”我告诉他：“是书。”在任何一个空闲的 15 分钟里，你都会发现我在学习一些我觉得可能有助于黑人的东西。Unit 6EQ is not the opposite of IQ. Some people are blessed with a lot of both, some with little of either. What researchers have been trying to understand is how they complement each other, how ones ability to handle stress, for instance, affects the ability to concentrate and put intelligence to use. Among the ingredients for success, researchers now generally agree that IQ counts for about 20%, the rest depends on everything from class to luck to the neural pathways that have developed in the brain over millions of years of human evolution. 情商不是智商的对立面。一些人有幸两者都拥有很多，一些人则每一样都拥有很少。研究者们一直试图理解的是它们如何互补；比如，一个人对付压力的能力如何影响其集中思想和发挥才智的能力。研究者们大多同意，在成功的要素中智商约占 20；其余则取决于多种因素，从所属的阶级到运气到在人类进化的几百万年中已在大脑中形成的神经通道。Unit 7As a child, I identified so strongly with my mother that I thought my father was just a long-term house guest with spanking privileges. She and I are bookish, introverted worriers. My father is an optimist who has never had a sleepless night in his life. Like most fathers and sons, we fought. But there was no cooling-off period between rounds. It was a cold war lasting from the onset of my adolescence until I went off to college in 1973.I hated him. He was a former navy fighter pilot with an Irish temper and a belief that all the problems of the world-including an overprotected son who never saw anything through to completion-could be cured by the application of more discipline. 小时侯，我和母亲特别亲，而认为父亲只是一个长期住在我家并享有打孩子屁股特权的客人。母亲和我爱读书，性格内向，多愁善感。父亲则很乐观，一生中从来没有睡不着觉的时候。 像大多数父子一样，我们常斗气。但在各个回合之间却没有休战期。这是一场冷战，从我的青春期开始一直持续到 1973 年我离家去上大学。我恨他。他以前是一名海军战斗机驾驶员，脾气火暴，他坚信世界上所有的问题-包括宠爱有加、做事一向虎头蛇尾的儿子-都能通过严隶法纪来解决。Unit 8 Now it must be obvious what all has to do with you. Eventually like the rest of us you must be on one side or the other. You must be an Athenian or a Visigoth. Of course it is much harder to be an Athenian for you must learn how to be one you must work at being one whereas we are all in a way natural-both Visigoths. That is why there are so many more Visigoths than Athenians. And I must tell you that you do not become an Athenian merely by attending school or accumulating degrees. My father-in-law was one of the most committed Athenians I have ever known and he spent his entire adult life as a dress cutter on Seventh Avenue in New York City. On the other hand I have known physicians lawyers and engineers who are Visi