利用时间数轴+例证法_学习英语时态.doc

利用数学知识+例证法，学习英语时态1. 前言：在英语的学习过程中，时态是我们感到最难掌握的一个语法点。而时态却是英语学习中的一大重点，每年的高考中都占有很大的比例。那么，怎么才能学好英语中时态这一语法现象呢？数学中的数轴、点、线、绝对和相对等概念能很好解释英语中的时态问题，只要能了解相应的概念，运用时间数轴，时态现象就不难学习。2. 几个概念的定义1) 时间数轴：所谓时间数轴就是引进数学中的数轴概念，把数轴中的原点定义成现在，把数轴中的正方向定义成将来，而把数轴中的负方向定义成过去。如下图所示：时 间 数 轴过 去现 在将 来2) 段时间段 时 间过去段时间现在段时间将来段时间：所谓段时间，就相当于数学中的线段概念，它是指一段时间，可以短到几微秒，长到几天、几年甚至几个世纪，它可以用一定的数量词去修饰，如：a few second, two hours, three week, millions of years等，它可以是过去的段时间、现在的段时间及将来的段时间，如图所示：3) 点时间：所谓的点时间，就是指数轴上的点，在这儿，我们把它分成“绝对点时间”和“相对点时间”。“绝对点时间”是指一个特定的时间概念，它不能再细分成其它的时间，也不能被其它的数量词所修饰，它在时间数轴上只是一个“小”点，它一定是含在一个“相对点时间”中间的，如：three oclock, now, this time yesterday等。它可以是过去的“绝对点时间”，现在的“绝对点时间”和将来的“绝对点时间”，如图所示：绝对点时间过去绝对点时间现在绝对点时间将来绝对点时间“相对点时间”也是指一个特定的时间概念，但它可以包涵无穷个“绝对点时间”，相对于时间数轴来说，它只是一个“大”点，我们可以把时间数轴上的原点、正方向和负方向看成三个大的时间点，即现在、将来和过去，同样它也不能被其它的数量词所修饰，如：yesterday, today, tomorrow, 1999等。它可以是过去的“相对点时间”，现在的“相对点时间”和将来的“相对点时间”，如图所示：相对点时间过去相对点时间现在相对点时间将来相对点时间 3. 常用时态的讲解我们可以把英语中的时态划分成三个大类，即现在的时态、将来的时态和过去的时态，也就是数轴上的原点、正方向和负方向。下面我们逐一地把高中阶段需要掌握的12种时态（一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时；一般将来时、将来进行时、将来完成时；一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时、过去完成进行时）作一解释。1) 现在的时态是指发生或者存在在时间数轴原点上，即表示“现在”有关的动作或状态，它包括四种时态。 一般现在时是指经常性的，习惯性的动作，或表示现在的状态、特征和真理，也就是说一个动作或一种状态发生或存在在一个“现在”这个“相对点时间”上，所以，它所跟的时间状语有：often, always, usually, today, every day, every year等。例1：Do you have any idea what Paul does all day? （2007 重庆卷）As I know, he spends at least as much time playing as he _. A. writesB. does writingC. is writingD. does write一般现在时all day (does writing) 如下图所示： 现在进行时指是现在正在进行的一个动作，也就是说在“现在”这个“绝对点时间”上所发生的动作，它所跟的时间状语有：now, at present等。例2：Have you handed in your schoolwork yet? （2007 辽宁卷） Yes, I have. I guess it _ now. A. has gradedB. is gradedC. is being graded D. is grading “绝对点时间”上正在发生的动作（评分）如下图所示：现在进行时now (is being graded) 现在完成时是指到现在为止已经完成的动作或存在的状态，或者是过去某个动作对现在造成的影响，也就是说这个动作发生在过去，但一直持续到现在，或者说，发生在过去，对现在造成的影响，所以，它一般跟“段时间”状语连用，如：for a few seconds, for three week, since 1999, in the past(last) two years, ever since, by far, by now等。例3：The unemployment rate in this district _ from 6% to 5% in the past two years. （2007 上海春）A. has fallenB. had fallenC. is fallingD. was falling如下图所示：现在完成时past two years (has fallen) nowTwo years ago 现在完成进行时是指到现在为止已经完成的动作并且这个动作还在进行，也就是说这个动作发生在过去，但一直持续到现在还在进行，它强调的是“完成并进行着”，所以，它一般也跟“段时间”状语连用，如：for a few seconds, for three weeks, 或者有相关表示现在时间信息的句子。例4：Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she _ English for a year. （2007 湖南卷）A. studiesB. studiedC. is studyingD. has been studying如下图所示：现在完成进行时a year (has been studying) nowa year ago2) 将来的时态是指发生在时间数轴正方向的，即表示“将来”有关的动作或存在状态。 一般将来时是指将要发生的动作或存在的状态，也就是说一个动作或一种状态发生或存在在“将来”的某个“相对点时间”上，所以，它所跟的时间状语有：tomorrow, the next day, in two days, 2010等。例5： How can I apply for an online course? （2007 北京卷） Just fill out this form and we _ what we can do four you. A. seeB. are seeingC. have seenD. will see一般将来时will see nowwill fill如下图所示： 将来进行时表示在将来某个时间正在进行的动作，也就是说在“将来”某个“绝对点时间”上所发生的动作，它所跟的时间状语有：three oclock tomorrow morning, this time next week等，或者在句中带有表示“将来”的某个“绝对点时间”。例6：I dont want to miss the match between German and England at 11 oclock this evening; so dont call me at that time, for I _ the match.A. am watchingB. will be watching C. will watch D. have watched。如下图所示：将来进行时now11 oclock this evening (will be watching) 将来完成时是指到将来某个时间为止已经完成的动作或存在的状态，也就是说这个动作发生在将来某个时间以前，但一直持续到将来的这个时间，所以，它一般跟“段时间”状语连用，如：by 2020等，或者在句中带有表示“将来”的某一“段时间”。例7：By the time Jane gets home, her aunt _ for London to attend a meeting.（2005天津卷）A. will leaveB. leavesC. will have leftD. left将来完成时nowwill have leftwill get home如下图所示：3) 过去的时态是指发生或者存在在时间数轴负方向上，即表示“过去”有关的动作或状态。 一般过去时指发生在过去的动作或存在的状态，也就是说一个动作或一种状态发生或存在在一个“过去”的某个“相对点时间”上，所以，它所跟的时间状语有：yesterday, last year, three weeks ago, 1999等。但有时没有明确的时间，只能揣测，考察概率很高。例8：The play had already been on for quite some time when we _ at the New Theatre. A. have arrivedB. arrivedC. had arrivedD. arrive一般过去时nowhad been（已知）arrived如下图所示： 过去进行时是过去某个时间正在进行的一个动作，也就是说在“过去”某个“绝对点时间”上所发生的动作，它所跟的时间状语有：at that time, two oclock yesterday afternoon等，或者在句中含有表示“过去”的某个“绝对点时间”。有时表过去将来意义。例9： Did you see a man in black pass by just now? （2007 四川卷） No, sir. I _ a newspaper.A. readB. was readingC. would readD. am reading过去进行时nowwas readingpassed。如下图所示： 过去将来时指在过去某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态，也就是说一个动作或一种状态发生或存在在“过去”的某个“相对点时间”以后，所以，这种时态往往存在在主从复合句中，或者句中含有表示“过去”的某个“相对点时间”来说明动作发生的先后。例10： Tom, you didnt come to the party last night?（2007 全国卷II） I _, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.A. had to B. didnt C. was going toD. wouldnt过去将来时nowwas going toremembered如下图所示： 过去完成时指到过去某个时间已经完成的动作或存在的状态，也就是说一个动作或一种状态发生或存在在“过去”的某个“绝对点时间”以前，也就是说发生在“过去的过去”，所以，这种时态往往存在在主从复合句中，或者句中含有表示“过去”的某个“绝对点时间”来说明动作发生的先后。例11：I _ there little more than a week when I set to work with the scientist. （2007 陕西卷）A. would beB. have beenC. had beenD. will be如下图所示：过去完成时more than a week (had been) nowset to work 过去完成进行时指到过去某个时间为止已经完成的动作并且这个动作还在进行，也就是说这个动作发生在“过去的过去”，但一直持续到过去某个时间还在进行，它强调的是“完成并进行着”，所以，它一般跟过去的“段时间”状语连用，如：for a few seconds, for three weeks, 或者有相关时间信息的句子。例12： The crazy fans _ patiently for two hours, and they would wait till the movie star arrived. （2004重庆卷）A. were waitingB. had been waitingC. had waitedD. would wait 如下图所示：过去完成进行时two hours (had been waiting) now将来完成时nowwill have leftget home将来完成时nowwill have leftget home4. 结束语综上所述，我们不难看出，一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时和过去将来时所跟的时间状语应为“相对点时间”；现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时所跟的时间状语是“绝对点时间”；而现在完成时、现在完成进行时、将来完成时、过去完成时和过去完成进行时则跟“段时间”状语。只要我们正确利用时间数轴，理解“段时间”、“相对点时间”和“绝对点时间”的概念，那么，英语时态的学习和运用就易如反掌了。参考书目：1. 薄冰，2004，高中英语语法详解，山西教育出版社2. 各地高考英语试卷，/testpaper.asp?type=gk 2012时态和语态1. (2012全国卷I)23. Life is like walking in the snow, Granny used to say, because every step _.” A. has shown B. is showing C. shows D. showed 2.(2012全国卷I)33. I had been working on math for the whole afternoon and the numbers _ before my eyes. A. swim B .swum C. swam D. had swum 3.(2012全国卷II)14. Did you ask Sophia for help? I _ need to I managed perfectly well on my own. A. wouldnt B. dont C. didnt D. wont 4.(2012全国卷II)18. The manager _ the workers how to improve the program since 9 a.m. A. has told B. is telling C. has been telling D. will have told 5.(2012北京卷)22. By the time you have finished this book, your meal _ cold. A. gets B. has got C. will get D. is getting 6.(2012北京卷)25. George said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he _. A. wouldnt B. didnt C. hasnt D. hadnt 7.(2012北京卷)29. Have you heard about that fire in the market? Yes, fortunately no one _. A. hurt B. was hurt C. has hurt D. had been hurt 8.(2012北京卷)30. Our friendship _ quickly over the weeks that followed. A. had developed B. was developing C. would develop D. developed 9.(2012上海卷)26. Is honesty the best policy? We that it is when we are little. A. will teach B. teach C. are taught D. will be taught 10.(2012上海卷) 30. I hear that Jason is planning to buy a car. I know. By next month, he _ enough for a used one. A. will have saved B. will be saving C. has saved D. saves 11.(2012天津卷)2. The letters for the boss_ on his desk but he didnt read them until three later. A. were put B. was put C. put D. has put 12.(2012天津卷)12. The three of us_ around Europe for about a month last summer. A. travelled B. have travelled C. had travelled D. travel 13.(2012江苏卷) 32. The manager is said to have arrived back from Paris where he _ some European business partners. A. would meet B. is meeting C. meets D. had met 14.(2012安徽卷)26. In order to find the missing child, villagers _ all they can over the past five hours. A. did B. do C. had done D. have been doing 15.(2012安徽卷)33. Walmart, which is one of the largest American supermarket chains, _ some of its store open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays. A. keeps B. keep C. have kept D. had kept 16.(2012安徽卷)35. After school we went to the readingroom to do some reading, only to be told that it _. A. was decorated B. had decorated C. had been decorating D. was being decorated 17.(2012湖南卷)22. Dont worry. The hard work that you do now _ later in life. A. will be repaid B. was being repaid C. has been repaid D. was repaid 18.(2012湖南卷)25. Close the door of fear behind you, and you _ the door of faith open before you. A. saw B. have seen C. will see D. are seeing 19.(2012湖南卷)27. “The moment _ soon,” he thought to himself, waiting nervously. A. came B. has come C. was coming D. is coming 20.(2012湖南卷)33. I remember you were a talented pianist at college. Can you play the piano for me? Sorry, I _ the piano for years. A. dont play B. wasnt playing C. havent played D. hadnt played 21.(2012福建卷)24. When did the computer crash? This morning, while I _ the reading materials downloaded from some websites. A. have sorted B. was sorting C. am sorting D. had sorted 22.(2012陕西卷)24. Can I call you back at two oclock this afternoon? Im sorry, but by then I _ to Beijing. How about five? A. fly B. will fly C. will be flying D. am flying 23.(2012山东卷)28. After Jack had sent some e-mails, he _ working on his project. A. had started B. has started C. started D. starts 24.(2012山东卷)34. The manager was concerned to hear that two of his trusted workers _. A. will leave B. are leaving C. have left D. were leaving 25.(2012重庆卷)22. Kevin, you look worried. Anything wrong? Well, I _ a test and Im waiting for the result. A. will take B. took C. had taken D. take 26.(2012重庆卷)27. Food supplies in the flood-stricken area _. We must act immediately before theres none left. A. have run out B. are running out C. have been run out D. are being run out 27.(2012四川卷)9. Did you catch what I said? Sorry. I _ a text message just now. A. had answering B. have answered C. would answer D. was answering