城市规划翻译建设与保护：北京城市规划步入正轨.doc

成 绩 X 大 学 级硕士研究生课程考试试卷考试科目城市规划理论与方法 考试时间 2010.3.1 学生姓名 X 学 号 所在院系 X 任课教师 X Construction and Protection：Beijing Feels Its Way in City PlanningPEOPLE returning to Beijing after a few years absence marvel at how much the city has changed, and for old Beijingers, these changes have occurred daily, before their very eyesAccording to Huang Yan, deputy director of the Beijing Municipal Planning Committee municipal planning of the capital started at the founding of the Peoples Republic, and a general development scenario matured during the 1950s and60s“The municipal construction achievements of today are attributable to municipal plans back then,” says Ms.Huang.Early City PlansThe moat surrounding the Imperial City at the city center Municipal planning for a capital city Is not easyAs from the1950s, several construction plans were formulated for BeijingDong Guangqi, a senior architect and former vice president of the Beijing Municipal City Planning and Design Institute, has been involved in general municipal and phased planning since the 1950sThe first group of planners Included a few specialists that had returned from overseas, and Soviet experts who had participated in the planning of Moscow The great majority, however, were young university graduates In the early stages of new China, there was high number of unemployed among the capitals residents, sorely in need of the means to make a livingThe initial plan, therefore, was to make Beijing into not only a political and cultural center, but also a large industrial cityThis tendency towards industrial development of the capital was a result of Soviet influence, and for the 30 years that followed, Beijing developed a strong industrial base, one aspect of which was an iron and steel works with an annual output of over 10 million tons. Excessive industrial development in the city proper, however, put great pressure on energy, water and land resources, and also on transportation, which made it very difficult for Beijing to fulfill its traditional role as the political and cultural center of ChinaTechnological development also resulted in tall buildings that marred the flat, open perspective of the old city. New buildings outnumbered old, and preservation of the old city became a topic of increasing prominence. Then, in 1983, Beijing formulated a city plan that superseded the previous one, and that clearly defined Beijing as the national center of politics, culture and international exchangeThe plan carefully avoided defining Beijing as an economic center, instead emphasizing the need to preserve the ancient city and Beijings status as a famous historic and cultural site. In October 1993, a trans-century plan was formulated. Unlike previous plans, whose perspective was limited to within the 20th century, this had a vision that extended beyond and led to the development plan for 2010More important, the new plan set a precedent by subjecting the orientation of municipal construction to the requirements of the market economy. HuangYan explained that the plan reflected two strategic changes：a shift from simple outward expansion to adjustment and transformation of the city proper, and from emphasis on construction in the city proper to suburban areas. As a result of these plans, Beijing now has formed several functioning areas around Tiananmen SquareAt the center is an administration area, to the east a textile industrial area, and to the southeast a chemical industrial and manufacturing area. In the west is the iron and steel and heavy chemical industrial area, in the northeast an electronic industrial area, while In the northwest, around Zhonggancun, is a cultural and educational area.What Should Beijing Be Like? Its history of 800 years as a capital city has left Beijing with a layout centered around the Forbidden City, with Tiananmen Square before it一a legacy of the Ming and Qing dynasties（13681911）.The Forbidden City is the largest and best preserved imperial palace in the world, and sits on the central axis of the old city. When selecting where the administration center should be located in the early 1950s, there were two prevailing opinions. One-that of Soviet experts and certainBeijing West Train Station Chinese architects, in particular Hua Nangui, Zhu Zhaoxue and Zhao Dongri, was that the administration center should be located in the old city. The second was that it should be located west, of the old city, somewhere between the western sections of the present second and third ring roads. This was the opinion of Liang Sicheng and Chen Zhanxiang. Liang and Chen cited two aspects of the difficulties involved in locating a governmental center in the old city. First, the old city is a complete and artistic artifact that reflects the rules and systems of ancient China, and as such is a rare world treasure. It would be difficult to incorporate into it a massive administration center, and, second, sufficient land was not available. The two suggested that an administration area immediately to the west of the old city could encompass two centersthe old city center and the new governmental center. If a central business district(CBD)were to be built to the southwest of the old city, Beijing would actually have three centers, which would greatly alleviate the pressure of concentrated populationAgreement was reached on neither proposal, and argument continues to this day, but as regards actual implementation over the ensuing years, the first proposal was followed. Today, citizens frustrated by constant traffic jams amidst relent less subway extension and road expansion, and construction that has been ongoing since the 1980s, are perplexed by the lack of order in urban construction. They think of Liang Sicheng and his plan for Beijing, and bitterly regret that it was not adopted. Some, however, argue that adoption of the first proposal was inevitable back then, when new China had just been founded, and that the government lacked the financial resources for a new administration center. Another aspect was that, as a peoples government, it could not build an office area for itself at the time when the majority of Chinese people were living an extremely hard life. Premier Zhou Enlai stated on several occasions that during his term there would be no construction of a State Council office building. Lastly, the general mentality of the time was one that still venerated the imperial palace in its position of city center, and that could not conceive of any deviation from this tradition.Xidan Cultural Square at one of Beijings main shopping centers. Wu Liangyongformer assistant to Mr. Liang and now a professor at Tsinghua University and academician at the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering, explains that the rejection of Mr. Liangs plan also had a technical angle“When considering the level of city planning in the early years, the plan for the new governmental center was not satisfactory, as it would have been placed too much in a corner, in too obscure a position, and with a distinct lack of grandeur and magnificence. This was probably a reason why the plan was not accepted. ” He further points out that Mr. Liangs suggestion to create a new urban center was one intended to solve the conflict between preservation and development“Unfortunately,” says Wu, “this idea was not well argued from a philosophical perspective.” Liu Xiaoshi, former chief architect and director of the Beijing Municipal Planning Administration, also expressed his retrospective feeling of powerlessness. “It was a mistake to reject Mr. Liangs proposal. Lack of money was no excuses, as the plan was flexible and could have been carried out stage by stage, in accordance with the funds availableThe problem was that if there had been three foreign experts, one from the United States, one from Britain, and one from the former Soviet Union, it was inevitable that the received opinion would have been that of the Soviet expert, as the general trend was to learn from the Soviet Union” Dong Guangqi point out that the material and cognitive limits of the time made it inevitable that the plan put forward by Liang and Chen would be rejected, but it was regrettable that no heed was paid to precautions and suggestions raised in the plan as regards preservation and transformation of the old city. This mistake is irreversible, and people finally realize why city traffic is always congested, despite continuous construction of roads and flyovers, and see the wisdom of Mr. Liangs idea of synchronized preservation and developmentNew Beijing and the Great Olympics Construction in Beijing has maintained its alarming speed over the past decades, and the successful 2008 Olympics bid has accelerated it further, as well as giving birth to the “Olympics Project.”The 500-year-old Embrasured Watchtower of Meridian Gate has been renovated several times and is in good conditions. The Beijing Olympics will compete in 28 sports events and need 37 competition sites 32 of which will be located in Beijing, and eight that will be newly built. According to Huang Yan, between 2001 and 2005 Beijing will invest 180 billion yuan (approximately US $22.5 billion) in infrastructure, transportation, environmental protection, river system harnessing, sewage treatment, an urban greening project, water and electricity supplies, and information processing systems. As regards transportation, Beijing will build 11 expressways that will cross the citys ring roads to form a radiating road network. By 2008 Beijing will also have built seven rail routes and extended its present rail mileage from 54kilometers to 200 kilometersMsHuang is confident that by then transportation in Beijing will be greatly improved.A newly built archway on Qianmen Street. As regard environmental protection, Beijing will concentrate its efforts on building sewage treatment plants, and erecting a green buffer belt around the cityBeijing currently has four sewage treatment plantsThe citys daily water usage is 2.5 million tons, and the treatment rate is 40 percentThere are plans to build 12 more treatment plants before 2008, by which time all waste water will be treated and reused to water trees and plant, to wash cars, and put in the citys scenic lakes. Beijing will also build a 240-square-kilometer green buffer belt between the fourth and fifth ring roads. After 50 years of urban construction, Beijing people have learned their lesson and are keenly aware of the value of their old cityThe old urban area covers 62 square kilometers, and Huang Yan says that it will be difficult to keep the old city entirely intact, as it also needs development and construction. The key of protection has been given to the basic layout, the imperial city, the urban central axis area and water systems, 25historic and cultural preservation sections, and cultural relic sites listed under national, municipal and district protection. In total, the protected area will cover 37 percent of the old city. Meanwhile, all the industrial enterprises within the fourth ring road will be gradually moved out. Beijing Tong Ren Tang, an age-old pharmacy, still maintains its traditional facade. To protect the faade of old Beijing, the municipal government has made clear stipulations regarding renovation of dilapidated houses in the old neighborhoodsNo real estate development is allowed in these areas, and renovation of such neighborhoods will be government projects conducted after soliciting renovation plans and opinions from local residents. The work at Nanchizi, next to the imperial city, is being conducted in this way. In 1949 Beijings population numbered 2.09 million, and by 2000 this figure had increased to 13.8million. To reduce population pressure and meet the needs of development and preservation of the old city, in recent years Beijing has adopted a population evacuation policy, and will build 10 outskirts groups and 14 satellite towns Each satellite town will house 250,000-400,000 residents.Perplexities It is no easy matter, building a super-size ancient capital city. Beijing faces many difficulties in balancing construction and preservation, and cases have occurred where construction has been the cause of the destruction of cultural relics. There are those that complain that the charm of old Beijing is gradually disappearing as grand buildings, looming flyovers and laned expressways continue to emerge, yet despite the emergence of clusters of modern buildings, it is still hard to find a suitable venue for large international conferences, such as for APEC and the Fortune Forum. In some countries, construction of skyscrapers has been suspended, but in Beijing, many advocate the construction of buildings of between 300 and 500meters in height, the Oriental Plaza and China Grand Theater being two such controversial construction projects.According to municipal plans, buildings along Changan Avenue, particularly those flanking the Gate of Heavenly Peace (Tiananmen), should not exceed a height of 30 meters, the Oriental Plaza, along Changan Avenue to the east of Tiananmen, however, stands 50-60meters tall, dwarfing the vermillion gate and the Great Hall of the People. Wu Liangyong considers it “an abomination.”The newly expanded Xizhimen Flyover. The China Grand Theater to the west of the Great Hall of the People was designed by French architect Paul Andrew, and construction started in December2001. It has an area of 18,000 square meters and is covered by a titanium and glass roof that gives it the appearance of a huge egg. There were criticisms of the decision to place such a strange-looking modernity by the side of the solemn Great Hall of the People and Changan Avenue. “It is failure of huge proportions, as regards its design in pursuit of form, damage to its function, and aspects of waste and disproportion, “says Liu Xiaoshi. Others, however, have indicated their approval at such a form, which, they say, has neither duplicated the structures nearby, nor caused any conflict, which the current lack of public acceptance is altogether a separate matter. Like the White Pagoda in the Beihai Park, also an alien structure, people will gradually come to accept it. “Beijingers will never ultimately refuse things foreign,” they conclude. A night view of Jinrong Street square. Pingan Avenue runs parallel to Changan Avenue. Two years after opening to traffic, the street still looks staid and lacking in vitality, and its low, ancient-style grey houses, with too much emphasis on tradition, and the lack of parking space, have been blamed. Pingan Avenues critics say that a modern city should be in tune with the times, and that tunnel-vision imitation of ancient architecture can only create “ghost” streets. Another controversy is the Beijing Central Business District (CBD), currently under construction. When completed, this 40,000-square-kilometer area will accommodate 200,000 people. Some criticize the CBD as being too close to the city center, saying that the 200,000 people simultaneously going in and out will exacerbate the already appalling traffic congestion in the area. Others question the wisdom of erecting a 300-meter high building in the area. Outspoken Wu Liangyong describes the CBD as “a new cancer.”Despite many controversies, municipal official, city planners and architects have learned a lot from the experience and lessons of the past 50 years, which will enable them to build a more beautiful Beijing. It is reported that anew plan to build Beijing into a cosmopolis has passed the examination and approval of the Chinese Ministry of Construction. It is hoped that when the plan is implemented, Beijing will become a genuine cosmopolis in terms of economy, culture and international exchanges.The Olympics Park for the 2008Beijing Olympic Games is currently under construction.建设与保护：北京城市规划步入正轨时隔几年后当人物杂志将镜头再次转向北京时，不由惊叹于这个城市的变化。对于北京市民来说，这些变化每天都在他们的眼皮底下发生。根据北京市规划委员会主任黄艳所述，北京市政工程建设工作开始于新中国的成立，总体发展方略在上世纪50年代至60年代之间日益成熟。黄艳说：“如今市政建设的成就归功于城市规划。”早期的城市规划古城中心的护城河城市规划不是一件简单的工作，对一个国家的首都而言更是如此。上世纪50年代，针对北京城市规划所提出的建设计划书有若干份之多。高级建筑师兼北京市城市规划设计研究院前副院长董光器曾在上世纪50年代以来投身于城市总体和阶段性规划项目。首批规划小组包括海外归国专家和曾参加莫斯科规划设计的苏联专家，然而，主体成员却是大学应届毕业生。在新中国建设初期，北京居民中有大量的失业者急需工作以求生存。因此，最初的计划是将北京建设成为一个全国政治文化中心的同时，再在这一基础之上将其建设成为一个商业化城市。北京的商业化建设趋势是受苏联影响的结果，在之后的30年之内，北京在工业方面打下了坚实的基础，钢铁年生产量超过一千万吨就是其成绩之一。然而，由于过度追求工业发展，给城市的自然资源、水源、土地资源和交通方面带来了诸多压力，阻碍了北京作为中国传统的政治文化中心所应发挥的作用。科学技术的发展导致高楼的接连拔起，扰乱了老北京城原本开阔平坦的市容市貌。新建筑越来越多，老建筑越来越少，对老北京城的保护工作随之逐渐成了一个热点话题。1983年，北京推出了新的城市规划方案，方案明确规定将北京定性为政治、文化和国家交流中心。该方案否定了之前将北京建设成经济中心的内容，取而代之的是将历史文化名城北京的保护与发展作为独立的章节提出，强调了对老北京城保护工作的必要性。1993年10月，跨世纪计划修订成立，不同于之前只将目光锁定在20世纪内的计划，该计划目光更为长远，并直接导致了2010年发展计划的出台。更为重要的是，为适应市场经济发展，新计划在市政建设方面创下了先例。黄艳解释说该计划反映了两个战略变化：从单一的向外围扩展转向更好地适应并改变城市本身，侧重点由扩大城市规模转向市区外围建设。这些计划的结果是，现在北京已在天安门广场四周形成了若干有机运作相结合的区域：中心为行政区域，东部为纺织工业区，东南方向为化工和制造业生产区，西面为钢铁重工业区，东北方向为电子工业区，此外在西北方向中关村周围为文化教育区。北京该如何发展？在中国历史上有近800年时间为本国首都的北京，城市格局布置以紫禁城为中心，前有明清时代（1368-1911）遗留下的建筑天安门。紫禁城是当今世界遗留下来的最为宏伟保存最为完好的皇家宫殿，坐落于老北京城的轴心位置。北京西站行政中心选址的工作可追溯于上世纪50年代初期。当时有两种方案可供选择：一种方案由当时的苏联专家和以华南圭、朱兆雪、赵东日等为首的中国建筑师提出，认为行政中心应设置在老城区之内；另一种方案的提出者是梁思成和陈占祥，提议将行政中心建设在老城区西郊，即现在西区二环路和三环路之间。梁思成和陈占祥认为在老城区建设行政中心有两点困难之处：第一，老城区作为一块规划严整的艺术遗址，展示了古老中国建筑特有的规范和系统结构，此外，作为世界上为数不多的文化建筑遗产之一，无法与行政中心这一新型概念相协调；第二，没有足够的土地资源。这两种方案显示若将行政中心设置在西郊，北京可能将出现两个中心老城区中心和新政府中心。此外，如果再将中央商务区(CBD)设置在老城区西南角，北京最终将同时有三个中心的存在，从而可大幅缓解密集的人口压力。两种方案一开始均没有得到认可。但是从接下来几年的实际贯彻实施情况中看出，第一种方案被默认了。虽然上世纪80年代起地铁网线和各种交通网都在不停扩建，但直到今天交通堵塞的情况也迟迟得不到缓解，在布局混乱的城市中人们寸步难行，并为此深深感到不便与困扰。人们开始重新思考梁思成当时针对北京城市规划所提的方案，并为其建议未被采纳而