文献的结果与讨论部分.doc

Sophie: 5. Results and DiscussionChapter 5 Results and Discussion5.1 Introduction to the Results and Discussion Section5.2 The Results Section5.3 The Discussion Section5.4 Build a Model of the Results and Discussion5.5 Language Focus5.6 Grammar and Writing Skills5.7 Exercises5.1 Introduction to the Results and Discussion Section5.1.1 Title of the Results and Discussion Section The Results and Discussion section is to present the results and make them meaningful to the reader. This part constitutes the main parts of research articles by conveying new knowledge through the presentation, explanation and interpretation of data. The title of this part varies in different disciplines, and also in different journals. Option 1Option 2Option 3Option 4Results Results Results Results DiscussionDiscussion Discussion and Conclusion(s)Conclusion(s)Conclusion(s)5.1.2 Reasons of writing the Results and Discussion SectionThere are many reasons for writing a Results section. In the first place, some of your results may be more interesting. Also, it is essential to relate your results to the aim(s) of the research. Thirdly, in some cases you may want to offer background information to explain why a particular result occurred. In addition, your results may be problematic. One of the most important reasons is that you must communicate your own understanding and interpretation of the results to your readers. 5.2 The Results Section5.2.1 Ingredients of the Results SectionBrainstormingWhat are the differences between the following two statements?1. In the 30 control subjects, the mean resting heart rate was 79. The mean heart rate of the 25 soccer players was 54. 2. The mean resting heart rate was significantly higher (46.4%) for the control subjects (79) than for the soccer players (79 and 54, respectively) Statement of findings (Presentation of data)The results are presented in a format that is accessible to the reader. Indication Your interpretation makes your findings meaningful. All graphs, tables, diagrams and figures should be accompanied by text that guides the readers attention to significant results. Most importantly, in the manuscript you should present representative data rather than endlessly repetitive data. 5.2.2 Incorporating Data and IndicationBrainstormingHow are you going to describe the following table in a research paper? (Make a list of the key information)Strategies of failure diagnosis in computer-controlled manufacturing systems: empirical analysis and implications for the design of adaptive decision support systemsKonradt, U. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies (1995) 43, 503-521SummaryObjective of the study: to investigate strategies in failure diagnosis at cutting-machine-tools with a verbal knowledge acquisition technique.MethodSemi-structured interviews with mechanical and electrical maintenance technicians; protocol analysis was performed on the data. Analysis of strategies was performed according to technicians experience, familiarity with the problem and the problem complexity. The technicians were categorized by level of experience.ResultsHistorical information (29.0)Least effort (11.5)Reconstruction (9.8)Sensory checks (8.5)Systematic narrowing (6.6)Signal tracing (6.0)Conditional probability (5.5)Frequency (4.9)Exclusion (3.3)Manuals (3.3)Pattern of symptoms (2.5)Topographical search (2.2)Diagnosis software (1.6)Split half (1.1)Information uncertainty (1.1)Miscellaneous (2.5)Figure 5.2: Frequencies of failure diagnosis strategies (n=182) Sample AnalysisHow many parts do the following passages contain? What is the function of each part? What are the similarities of the structure? Mark the function of each sentence. 1. Sample 1Distraction and pedestrian: How talking on the phone, texting, and listening to music impact crossing the streetSchwebel, David C.(United States); Source: Accident Analysis and Prevention, v 45, p 266-271, March 2012Results:(1) Table 1 shows descriptive data, both for the full sample and for each group.(2) Groups were comparable on the demographic characteristics measured (gender, age, and ethnicity), as well as in walking experience and typical media use (all ps0.5).(3) We next considered differences in pedestrian behaviors while distracted.(4) As shown in Table 2, the linear regression comparing the groups on looks away from the street environment was significant, with all three distracted groups having more looks away than the control group. (5) The effect size for looks away in the texting group, as expected, was particularly large (beta=0.97).(6) The models predicting time left to spare and looks left and right were not significant, suggesting the distracted pedestrians chose gaps that allowed them to cross the street safely with as much time to spare as did the undistracted pedestrians and that all four groups looked left and right at about the same rate.2. Sample 2Efficient and flexible location management techniques for wireless communication systemsJannink, Jan(Stanford Univ, United States) Source: Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, MOBICOM, p 38-49, 19964. Simulation results(1) In this section we first describe the geography and network topologies we used in our simulations. (2) We then present simulation results for several LMTs, followed by analysis of HiPER parametrizations and frequency of profile reallocation.(3) In figures 6 and 7, we see the network bandwidth requirements and the number of message hops of the various MTs over the studied 24-hour period. (4) An interesting observation is that HiPER5.2 incurs a low number of network hops despite the extra messages due to updates; it performs better than Simple Hierarchy and close to HLR/VLR and Per-User Caching. (5) We also see that the number of message hops in Simple Hierarchy is lower than HiPER5.2 due to a lower number of updates, and lower than HLR/VLR since updates are not remote. Major Components of Data PresentationSwales and Feak (1994)(1) Step one: (2) Step two: (3) Step three: 5.2.3 Rules of Writing Results Section May begin with an overall description. Present representative data (results relevant to the question) rather than endless repetitive data. Results are presented in both visual form (figures, tables) and paragraph form (in the text). Present data AFTER stating the result. Clarity Avoiding RedundancyBrainstormingNow how do you improve the results section you wrote for the following article?Strategies of failure diagnosis in computer-controlled manufacturing systems: empirical analysis and implications for the design of adaptive decision support systemsKonradt, U. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies (1995) 43, 503-521Task: Read through the part of the results section and try to find the purpose of each sentence. Here are some ideas to help you: (1) explanation,(2) reference to a figure, (3) statement of results, (4) making the results meaningful, (5) comparison.5.3 The Discussion Section BrainstormingReviewing the Results section, how do you design the Discussion section you wrote for the following article? *Strategies of failure diagnosis in computer-controlled manufacturing systems: empirical analysis and implications for the design of adaptive decision support systemsKonradt, U. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies (1995) 43, 503-521Discussion: Strategies in Real-life DiagnosisHistorical information (29.0)Least effort (11.5)Reconstruction (9.8)Sensory checks (8.7)Systematic narrowing (6.6)Signal tracing (6.0)Conditional probability (5.5)Frequency (4.9)Exclusion (3.3)Manuals (3.3)Pattern of symptoms (2.7)Topographical search (2.2)Diagnosis software (1.6)Split half (1.1)Information uncertainty (1.1)Miscellaneous (2.7)Figure 5.2: Frequencies of failure diagnosis strategies (n=182)5.3.1 What is the Discussion Section?The discussion section is for comment on and explanation of the results.The function of the Discussion Section is to interpret the results of the research in light of what was already known about the subject of the investigation, and to explain the new understanding of the problem after taking the results into consideration. 5.3.2 How is a Result Discussed? Discussion section should be more summaries and should go beyond results.1. What principles have been established or reinforced?2. What generalizations can be drawn?3. How do your findings compare to the findings of others or to expectations based on previous work? 4. Are there any theoretical or practical implications of your work?5. Do you include speculations about account rival explanations or the limitations in the study? There are ways that you can use to discuss a Result: 1. Provide a summary of the results.2. Keep the repetition of the results to a minimum.3. Explanation of results4. References to previous research5. Deduction6. Justification of the methodology7. Connection to your research aim8. Hypothesis9. Account for differences or unexpected results.5.3.3 Results and Discussion Remember Results and Discussion are different. In academic writing, the common practice is to present results together with the discussion. Distinction between Results and Discussion is not as sharp as commonly believed. By evaluating its theoretical significance, you try to link the result to the previous findings and existing theories to see whether your result is the same as the previous ones or in conflict。 Very often, a result has practical significance. 5.4 Build a Model of Results and Discussion5.4.1 Build a ModelTask: Read the following Results and decide what the writer told us in each sentence. Try building the model of Results.A Modeling Approach to Traffic Management and CO Exposure during Peak HoursResultsIn this sentence, the writer:(1) Data obtained in previous studies using a fixed on-site monitor indicated that travel by car resulted in lower CO exposure than travel on foot. (2) According to Figo et al. (1999), the median exposure of car passengers was 11% lower than for those walking. (3) In our study, modeled emission rates were obtained using the Traffic Emission Model (TEM), a CO-exposure modeling framework developed by Ka. (4) A modeled results were compared with actual roadside CO concentrations measured hourly at a fixed monitor. (5) Figure 1 shows the results obtained using TEM.(1)和(2)(3)和(4) (5) (6) As can be seen, during morning peak-time journeys the CO concentrations for car passengers were significantly lower than for pedestrians, which is consistent with results obtained in previous studies. (7) However, the modeled data were not consistent with these results for afternoon journey. (6) (7) (8) Although the mean CO concentration modeled by TEM for afternoon journeys on foot were in line with those of Figo et al,. a striking difference was noted when each of the three peak hours was considered singly (Fig.2). (9) It can be observed that during the first hour (H1) of the peak period, journeys on foot resulted in a considerable lower level of CO exposure. (10) Although levels for journeys on foot generally exceeded those modeled for car journeys during H2, during the last hour (H3) the levels for journeys on foot were again frequently far lower than for car journeys.(8) (1) 和(10) (11) A quantitative analysis to determine modeling uncertainties was applied, based on the maximum deviation of the measured and calculated levels within the considered period. (12) Using this approach, the uncertainty of the model prediction for this study slightly exceeds the 50% acceptability limit defined by Jiang. (13) Nevertheless, these results suggest that data obtained using TEM to simulated CO exposures may provide more sensitive information for assessing the impact of traffic management strategies than traditional on-site measurement.(11) (12) (13) 5.4.2 Basic Components of a Model Four Basic Components of a Model1.2.3.4.5.5 Language Focus5.5.1 Revisiting the research aim/existing research 1.GlossaryAs discussed previouslyAs mentioned earlier / beforeAs outlined in the IntroductionAs reported,In order to, we examined It is important t reiterate thatIt is known from the literature that It was predicted thatOur aim / purpose / intention was toSince / because , we investigatedThe aforementioned theory / aim/ prediction etc.To investigate, we needed toWe reasoned / predicted that2.Sentences(1) Since the angular alignment is critical, the effect of an error in orientation was investigated experimentally.(2) We reasoned that an interaction in one network between proteins that are far apart in the other network may be a technology-specific artifact.(3) In earlier studies attempts were made to establish degradation rate constants by undertaking ozonation experiments.(4) The main purpose of this work was to test algorithm performance.(5) As mentioned previously, the aim of the tests was to construct a continuous crack propagation history.(6) In this work, we sought to establish a methodology for the synthesis of a benzoxazine skeleton.(7) It was suggested in the Introduction that the effective stress paths may be used to define local bounding surfaces.5.5.2 General overview of results 1.GlossaryGenerally speaking,In general,In most / all cases,In the main,On the whole,In this section, we compare / evaluate / presentIt is apparent that in all / most / the majority of cases,It is evident from the results thatThe overall response wasThe results are divided into two parts as follows:Using the method described above, we obtained2.Sentences(1) It is apparent that both films exhibit typical mesoporous structures.(2) It is evident that these results are in good agreement with their FE counterparts.(3) In general, coefficients for months close to the mean flowering data were negative.(4) Our confidence scores have an overall strong concordance with previous predictions.(5) On the whole, the strains and deflections recorded from the FE model follow similar patterns to those recorded from the vacuum rig tests.(6) Levels of weight loss were similar in all cases.5.5.3 Invitation to view results 1.Glossary(data not shown)(Fig.1)(See Fig.1)(See also Fig.1)(See Figs 1-3)According to Fig.1As can be seen from / in Fig.1*As detailed in Fig.1As evident from / in Fig.1As illustrated by Fig.1As indicated in Fig.1As listed in Fig.1As shown in Fig.1As we can see from / in Fig.1can be found in Fig.1can be identified from / in Fig.1can be observed in Fig.1can be seen from / in Fig.1Comparing Figs. 1 and 4 shows that Data in Fig.1 suggest that displayed in Fig.1Evidence for this is in Fig.1From Fig.1 it can be seen thatInspection of Fig.1 indicates is / are given in Fig.1. is / are represented (etc.) in Fig.1 is / are visible in Fig.1In Fig.1 we compare / present etcResults are given in Fig.1.We observe from Fig.1 that(Figure 1) contains(Figure 1) corresponds (to)(Figure 1) demonstrates(Figure 1) displays(Figure 1) gives(Figure 1) illustrates(Figure 1) lists(Figure 1) plots(Figure 1) presents(Figure 1) provides(Figure 1) reports(Figure 1) represents(Figure 1) reveals(Figure 1) shows(Figure 1) summarises2.Sentences(1) The stress data in Fig. 18 indicate a more reasonable relationship.(2) Figure 13 illustrates the findings of the spatial time activity modeling.(3) The overall volume changes are reported in Fig. 6.(4) Similar results were found after loading GzmA into the cell (data not shown).(5) Typical cyclic voltammograms can be seen in Fig. 1.(6) Comparing Figs. 1 and 4 shows that volumetric strains developed after pore pressure had dissipated.(7) The rate constants shown in Table 1 demonstrate that the reactivity is much greater at neutral pH.(8) The results are summarized in Table 4.5.5.4 Specific/key results in detail Objective description1.Glossaryaccelerateallchangedeclinedecreasedelaydropexistexpandfallfindincreaseis/are/was/wereconstantdifferentequalfoundhigherhighestidenticallowerpresentseenunaffectedunchangeduniformmatchnoneoccurpeakprecedeproducereduceremain constantremain the samerisesole / solelyvary2.Sentences(1) There was a lower proportion of large particles present at lower pH.(2) As can be seen in Fig. 8, there were different horizontal and vertical directional pseudofunctions.(3) As can be seen, in the second trial the level of switching among uninformed travelers was unchanged.(4) This kind of delamination did not occur anywhere else.(5) The CTOA dropped from its initial high value to a constant angle of 4o.(6) It eventually leveled off at a terminal velocity of 300 m/s. Subjective description 1.Glossary abundantacceptableadequatealmostappreciableappropriatebriefclearcomparableconsiderableconsistentdistinctdominantdramaticdrasticequivalentessentialexcellentexcessiveexceptionalextensiveextremefairfewgeneralgoodhighimmenseimperceptibleimportantin particularinadequateinterestingit appears thatlargelikelihoodlowmainmarkedmeasurablemildminimalmore or lessmostnegligiblenoticeableobviousonlyoverw