大学英语自学教程(上册)_笔记(全).doc

C. Useful phrases:1.attract ones attention(1段2行); 2.natural enough(1段2行); 3.for the most part(1段6行); 4.persuade sb to do sth(1段7行); 5.a large amount of sth(3段1行); 6.be characteristic of sth(3段7行); 7.catch the eye(3段8行); 8.no more than(3段9行); 9.idebtity with sth(3段10行); 10.add to(4段2行); 11.catch the ear(4段3行); 12.over and over again(4段4行); 13.so that(4段5行); 14.put up with(4段7行); 15.millions of(4段8行); 16.be responsible for sth/sb(5段1行);17.decide on sth(5段2行); 18.make an estimate of sth(5段4行); 19.be involved in sth(5段6行)；20.as well as(4段3行); 21.carry over(4段1行) D. Key to some exercises:.page 49: T, F, F, T, T, T, T, F, T, F.词汇练习：page 50-52. e, b, c, d, a.1.attracts; 2.leisure; 3.available; 4.limited; 5.estimate. 1.decided on; 2.approved; 3.estimate; 4.carried over; 5.put up with; 6.characteristic of.B, C, B, A, C, D. Unit 3 Text A: The Atlantic ocean In the earth, there are four oceans: the pacific ocean, the Atlantic ocean, the Indian ocean, and the Arctic ocean. The Atlantic ocean isnt the biggest in area, but there are other two things that make it very unusual. Do you want to know what they are, and then please read the text very carefully? And from the past exams the text is very important. A.New words:1.sailor: n 水手、海员； sail: v 航海， n航海、帆（*）a.He has sailed for New York.b.He is a good sailor and seldom gets sick during storms at sea.c.How many days sail is it from Tianjin to Dalian? 2.unwilling: a不情愿的， 反义词willing：愿意的，常用短语：be willing to do, be unwilling to do; 副词：unwillingly, willingly; 名词：will意愿、意志。（*）a.He is happy with the price and willing to pay.b.The child always does his homework unwillingly, so he hasnt made much progress.c.She is ill and unwilling to go out with us. 3.unusual: a不寻常的、与众不同的，反义词：usual, 副词：usually(*)a.Young people should not wear unusual clothes.b.He went to town as usual with his father.c.A classified advertisement is usually a few lines long. 4.salty: a 咸的，salt: n 盐；salted用盐腌的a.The sea water is salty.b.The salted beef is delicious. 5.average: n/a/v平均数、平均的、平均常用短语：on the average(*)a.The average of 2,3 and 4 is 3.b.The average age of the students in this class is eighteen.c.They averaged 20 miles a day during their last journey. 6.range: n 山脉、范围；v 变化，排列成行a.She has a wide range of interests.b.He ranged the books by size. 7. peak: n 高峰，adj 高峰的，反义词：off-peak peak hour = rush hour8.eastward, westward, northward, southward: adj adv9. crew:集体名词10. becalm: v become calm; calm: a 平静的、安静的, please keep calm. 11.current: n 水流、电流；adj 流行的a.The current is the strongest in the middle of the river.b.Turn off the current while making repairs.c.of all her dresses, only one is still current. 12.affect: v 影响、打动；effect n 影响，have an effect on sth; affecting adj 动人的；effective adj 有影响的、有效的。（*）a.Violent TV programs have a bad effect on the children.b.Music can affect some people very strongly.c.The law is no longer effective.13. furnish: v 用家具布置，家具：furniture. B.Grammar knowledge: 定冠词的用法please look at the following sentences from the text:a.The Atlantic ocean is one of the oceans that .b.The narrowest place is between the bulge of .c.The Azores are the tops of the peak . 1.冠词（articles）:是一种虚词，放在一个名词前，帮助说明该名词的含义。它分为定冠词和不定冠词两种。2.定冠词the的用法如下：重复上文提到过的人或物：e.g. There is a refrigerator in the kitchen. The refrigerator is white. (第一次提到用不定冠词，第二次用定冠词，表特指。) 特指谈话双方都知道的人或物。e.g. How do you like the film?指世界上独一无二的事物。e.g. The earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun.常用在乐器前：e.g. I want to play the piano/ the violin.用在一些公用事业名称前, e.g. I will go to the post office/ the museum/ the cinema.用在序数词和形容词最高级之前，e.g. the first time, the biggest.用在某些专有名词前，e.g. the peoples Republic of China, the great wall, the white house特指某些江河、山脉、海洋、湖泊，e.g. the Changjiang River, the pacific ocean, the Himalayas, the Salt Lake和某些形容词连用，表示某一类人,e.g. the rich, the poor, the dead, the young用在姓氏的复数形式前，表一家人,e.g. The Greens are watching TV. 另外，还用在许多习惯用语中：in the morning/afternoon/evening, on the left. Right, by the way, in the middle of etc. The 4th lecture of College English one: .Intensive reading text A: 1.The Atlantic ocean is one of the oceans that separate the old world from the new. 译：大西洋是隔断新世界和旧世界的大洋之一。 分析：本句包含有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词oceans,注意此时只能用that,不能用which.如下的情况属只能用that的情况： 1.当先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词时。 He is the best person that always helps others 2.当先行词是序数词，或前面有一个序数词时。 He is the last person that I want to see. 3.当主语已有疑问词who或which时。 Which is the bike that you lost? 4.当先行词是all, much, something, anything, everything, little, etc等词时。 We should hand in all that you have found. 5.当先行词前有only, any, few, one of, the same, no etc等词时。 The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teacher in our class. 短语：separate sth from sth把与分开 England is separated from France by the English channel. 另外，the old World: Europe, Asia, Africa; the New World: the Americas. 2.For centuries it kept the Americas from being discovered by the people of Europe.（*） 译：好几个世纪以来，它使美洲一直未被欧洲人发现 短语：keep/stop/prevent sb from doing sth:阻止某人做谋事 The bad weather cant keep us from going to school/ being discovered: being动名词，discovered过去分词 3.Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic ocean made the early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it.(*) 译：许多关于大西洋的错误观点使得早期的水手不愿远航驶入大西洋。 分析： 主语：many wrong ideas；谓语：made； 宾语：the early sailors； 宾补：unwilling to sail far out into it。 短语：be unwilling to do sth; sail far out into it: 远航驶入；make sb do sth 4.one idea was that it reached out to “the edge of the world.” 译：一种观点是大西洋远达世界的边缘。 分析：that引导的是表语从句。它是名词从句的一种。主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句属于名词从句。在四种从句中只有宾语从句能省略that这个关系连词，在其它从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用，但绝对不能省略。 a. That the earth is round is true.(主语从句) b. All of us know that we must study hard.（宾语从句） c. The idea that we invited him yesterday is quite good.（同位语从句） d. Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.（表语从句） 4.The Atlantic ocean is only half as big as the pacific, but it was still very large.(*) 译：虽然大西洋只有太平洋的一半，但它也很大。 倍数的比较：倍数 + as + adj/adv + as a.My hair is twice as long as yours. b.My classroom is only one third as big as theirs. 5.Its more than 4000 miles wide where Columbus crossed it. 译：哥伦布穿越大西洋的航线有4000多英里宽。 基数词 + 形容词作度量状语。 a.He is only five years old. b.The river is three meters deep. c.The classroom is five meters long. 6.For so large an ocean, it has very few islands. Also, it is the worlds saltiest ocean. 译：这么大的一个海洋却只有少数几个岛屿，并且它是世界上盐分含量最高的海洋。（这是大西洋最大的两大特点。） 7.There is so much water in the Atlantic ocean that it is hard to imagine how much there is. 译：大西洋中有多得令人难以想象的海水。 Sothat引导结果状语从句。(so + adj / adv) Its so hot these days that we cant go out. 8.But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers. 译：假设不再有雨水降入大西洋，也没有河水汇入。本句存在一个重要的语法现象：虚拟语气，即表示非真实的假设。该语法放到text B中进行详讲。 9.It would take the ocean about 4000years to dry up. 译：它大约需要4000年的时间才干涸。 重要句型：it takes / took sb some time to do sth花某人多少时间作某事 Every day it takes me an hour to go to work. 10.We now have such fast ways of traveling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller. 译：我们现在有如此多的快速旅行方式，使大西洋似乎变小了。 短语：such + n + that 引导结果状语从句，注意和sothat比较。 a.Shes such a lovely girl that everyone likes her very much. b.Shes so lovely a girl that everyone likes her very much. seem to 仿佛、好像 . Brief summary about the useful phrases: 1.separatefrom(1段1行); 2.keep sb from doing sth(1段2行); 3.make sb do sth(2段1行); 4.boiling hot(2段5行); 5.sothat(5段1行); 6.no more(5段2行); 7.on the average(5段4行); 8.pile up(10段2行); 9.suchthat(11段1行); 10.seem to(11段2行); 11.be unwilling to do(2段1行) Text B:做一般了解。 A. New words: 1. observation: n 观察，observe: v 观察；observer: n 观察者 2. continually: adv 不停地，continue v 继续, continual adj 不停的 3. merely: adv 同义词only 4. absolutely: adv 完全地、绝对地，同义词：completely, entirely, thoroughly. 5. uncomfortably: adv 不舒适地，反义词：comfortably; uncomfortable, comfortable 6. inhabitant: n 居民（不是永久的），永久的resident, inhabit; v 居住 7. occasionally: adv 偶尔地； occasional: adj, occasion: n 场合、机会 B. Grammar knowledge: Subjunctive Mood 虚拟语气 它是谓语动词的一种形式，表示非真实的假设、或表示命令、建议或说话人的主观愿望。 a.But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers. b.Artists could make their pictures better if they kept this in mind c.If there were any inhabitants of the moon, they would see our earth reflecting the light of the sun 虚拟语气的主要用法：（1） 1.用于非真实条件句中：条件句分为真实和非真实两种。非真实条件句包括违背现在事实的假设、过去事实的假设、以及不希望将来某种愿望实现的假设。 a.If I were you, I would reconsider their advice. b.If I hadnt been so easy, I would have come early. c.If I should fail, I would try again. 为了便于大家学习，在初学阶段可先记住如下表格： 条件从句 结果主句 对现在事实的违背 过去式 should + 动词原形 would + 动词原形 对过去事实的违背 had + 动词过去分词 should + have + 动词原形 would + have + 动词原形 对将来事实的违背 Should + 动词原形 should + 动词原形 Were + 动词不定式 would + 动词原形 C. Further notes on some sentences: 1. Except for the sun, the moon looks the biggest object in the sky. 译：除了太阳，月球是天空中看起来最大的物体。 except for:除了,c.f：except, except that. a.all the articles are good except yours. b.Your article is good except for some grammar mistakes. c.Except that he passed the exam, we all failed. 总结：从整体中去除与主语是相同的事物用except, 若所去除的事物与主语不是同类项用except for, 而只有except that可放在句首引导从句。 2. We always find that this is the part which faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark.(*) 译：我们总是发现面对着太阳的那一面是亮的，而背离太阳的那部分则是黑的。 这是一个难句。that this is the part which faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark是find的宾语从句，其中包含有一个定语从句which faces towards the sun修饰the part，一个时间状语从句while the part facing away from the sun appears dark，还有一个现在分词做定语facing away from the sun appears dark = which faces away from the sun 3. Artists could make their pictures better if they kept this in mindonly those parts of the moon which are lighted up by the sun are bright. 译：只有被太阳照射到的那些部分才是明亮的如果美术家牢记这一点，也许能使他们的画画得更好。 本句是对现在某种情况的假设，因此用了虚拟语气。 短语：keep sth in mind牢记谋事；light up:点亮、照亮 4. In the same way the surface of the whole earth reflects enough of the suns light on to the face of the moon for us to be able see the parts of it which would otherwise be dark. 译：同样整个地球表面将充足的阳光反射到月球表面，使我们能够看到原本会是黑暗的那部分月球表面。 这是一个难句，隐含有一个虚拟语气句：which would otherwise be dark. That is: If the surface of the whole earth didnt reflect enough of the suns light on to the face of the moon, the parts of it would be dark. 短语：in the same way用同样的方式； reflect sth on to/onto sth 反射到; be able to do 能做 D. useful phrases: 1.except for(2段1行); 2.face towards sth(3段4行); 3.face away from sth(3段4行); 4.keep sth in mind(3段6行); 5.light up(3段6行); 6.sth is enough for sb to do(4段2行); 7.speak of(4段3行); 8.know sth well(4段5行); 9.reflect sth onto sth(4段6-7行); 10.in the same way(4段7行); homework: 从所给词中选择恰当的填入空格内； boil narrow unusual salty average spot peak crew affect highway 1. The _ hours of traffic means the times when the traffic is highest. 2. All the _ members on the ship are ready for sail. 3. Jacks work at school is well above the _, but he is still not happy with himself. 4. When water _, it changes into steam. 5. His _ ideas surprised everyone. 6. The information super _ makes the world smaller and smaller. 7. He road was too _ for trucks to pass. 8. He wants to know why sea water is _. 9. He showed the police the very _ where he was beaten. 10. He said that the climate _ his health. Key: 1.peak; 2.crew; 3.average; 4.boils; 5.unusual; 6.highway; 7.narrow; 8.salty; 9.spot; 10.affected 汉译英： 1、这座山有泰山的一半高。 2、这所学校平均每个班有45人。 3、昨晚他过了好一会儿才入睡。 4、电视里的广告太多，无法记住到底有多少。 5、许多错误的想法导致哥伦布时代的人不愿西行。 Key: 1. The mountain is half as high as Mount Tai. 2. on the average, there are 45 students in each class in this school. 3. Last night it took him quite a long time to fall asleep. 4. There are so many ads on TV that its impossible to remember the exact number. 5. Many wrong ideas made people in the days of Columbus unwilling to sail westward. Homework for 2nd lecture: 1. He is not only a teacher, _ also a friend. however but as and 2. Deaf and dumb people “talk” to each other with the help of their _ fingers eyes faces mouths 3. Music is different from languages. It can be _ by people from different countries. spoke understood known taken 4. An Italian entered a restaurant and sat down _ a table. on in to at 5. Moving ones head up and down generally _ “yes”. means says brings makes 6. He was just going to give up _ another chance came. when while although however 7. We have _ people to finish the job today. seldom little enough much 8. His words are very clear and _ so that everybody knows what to do next. exciting inexact exact exactly 9. Language consists _ words which we put together into sentences. in for of on 10. A well-trained parrot can talk _ a man. as like with into 汉译英： 1某些洲除了征收销售税还征收收入所得税。 2中国以其丝绸产品领先于世界。 3销售税随你所购物品的价格而变。 4人们总是在抱怨着不断上涨的物价。 5纳税是每个公民应尽的义务。 Key: 1. Some states charge an income tax in addition to sales tax. 2. China leads the world with her silk products. 3. Sales tax varies with the prices of the goods you have bought. 4. people are always complaining about the rising prices. 5. paying taxes is the duty of every citizen. The 5th lecture of College English one Hi, everyone! Today well learn Unit 4. It is about memory. We can often hear someone complain about their bad memory. Especially some students say even if they have tried hard to remember all the new words, but several days later, they will forget them all. So many times I am asked how to memorize those words. Then I think after we learn this text, you will get something useful to help you improve your memory. please listen carefully and intensively. Unit 4 Text A: Improving Your Memory .New words:1.psychological: adj 心理学的; psychology: n 心理学; psychologist: n 心理学家; psychologically: adv 心理上地 （*）a.His father is a psychologist while his mother is an engineer.b.psychology is a study of mind.c.Memories and dreams are psychological facts.2.focus: v 聚集、集中, 常用短语：focus on sth ；n 焦点a.He took out the camera and brought it into focus.b.Focus your attention on your work.3.basic: adj 基本的；base: n 基础; basically: adv 基本上、根本上4.meaningfulness: n 富有意义； mean: v 意思是； meaningful: adj 富有意义的； meaningless:adj 无意义的; meaning: n 含义(*) a.What does this sentence mean?b.He is sad because he finds what he has done is meaningless.c.Do you know the meaning of this word?d.She always tells us meaningful stories. We learn a lot from anization: n 组织、团体；organize: v 组织 WTo=World Trade organization ； organizer: n 组织者(*)a.They organized a trip to the South last month.b.The organizers of the New Years party feel very tired but happy.c.The United Nations is a world organization.6.association: n 联合、协会； associate: v 把同联系起来；n 同伙；adj 副的a.NBA means National Basketball Association.b.Whisky is usually associated with Scotland.c.John and paul are associates.d.Mr. Liu is an associate manager in this company. 7.visualize: v 想象、设想；visualization: n想象、设想8.rhyme:字母h不发音。9.ability: n 能力，短语：to the best of ones ability,尽力而为。同义词capacity; able: adj有能力的，短语：be able to do sth, 反义词：unable.10.random: adj/n 胡乱的、随便，常用短语：at random,随便地。He took a book at random.11.categorize: v 分类；category: n 种类12.needless 不需要的,不必要的；needful 需要的，必要的13.refer: v 涉及、参与；reference: n reference bookplease refer to the dictionary if you come across a new word.14.relate: v 有关联，叙述，讲述；related: adj 有关联的；relation: n 关系、关联a.I cant relate what he said with what he did.（我不能将他所说与所做联系起来。）b.This part relates to the current situation.(这部分指的是目前的形式。)15.accurately: adv 准确地，同义词：exactly；accurate: adj; accuracy: n 16.memorize: v 记住；memory: n 记忆力；memorandum(memo)备忘录17.improvement: n 改进、增进；improve: v 18.image: n 形象、印象；imagery: n 肖像的总称，意象; imagine: v 想象19.repetition: n 重复、反复；repeat: v; repeated: adja.He made repeated efforts to solve the nouns are used to save the repetition of nouns.c.Does history repeat itself?20.mental: a 精神的、智力的，physical: 体力的21.preserve: v 保护、维持；preservation: n保护、维持; preservative: adj 保护性的，保存的.Intensive reading:1.physical research has focused on a number of basic principles that help memory.译：心理学研究集中在一些有利于记忆的基本原则上。本句包含有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰basic principles.短语：focus on sth; a number of = many 许多；basic principles: 基本原则a.please focus your attention on your work.b.A number of students are studying English.c.The number of students studying English is increasing. 2. Its useful to know how these principles.本句的主语为：to know how these principles；it为形式主语。通常由于动词不定式作主语、主语从句作主语、动名词作主语太长，使句子显得头重脚轻，因而借助于形式主语。a.To have a good sleep before the exam is very necessary.Its necessary to have a good sleep before the exam.b.playing with fire is dangerous.Its dangerous playing with fire.c.That the earth is round is true.Its true that the earth is round