注意几个常用介词的用法.docxVIP

注意几个常用介词的用法1 表示时间 at, in, on, by, for, through, over, until2 表示在附近near, by, beside, next to, at3 表示地点at, in, on4 表示除外 besides, except, except for,but, but for, next to5 表示方位、方向 in, to, on, at, for6 表示“经由，通过，穿过” across, by, through7 表示“在上下” above, below, over, under, on, beneath8 表示方式by, through, in, with, on9 表示原因through, with, from, for, at, owing to,due to, because of, on account of, thanks to10 表示价格，比率，对比 at, by, for, against,11 表示属性，部分与整体of, with12 表示比较 as,like13 表示“在之间之中” among, between14 表示让步 in spite of, despite, for all, with all 15 表示条件 as for, as to, for, in terms of, without16 表示目的for, for fear of, for the sake of1 表示时间1) at时间的一点、时刻等They come home at sunrise (at noon,at midnight, at ten oclock,at daybreak, at dawn).较短暂的一段时间。可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子。例如：He went home at Christmas (at New Year, at the Spring Festival,at night, at midsummer).At the beginning ( middle, end) of that month he was sick.His grandfather died at seventy-two.2) in在某个较长的时间（如世纪、朝代、年、月、季节、以及泛指的上午、下午和傍晚等）内。例如：He was born in 1942.He did it in the holidays.在一段时间之后 一般情况下，用于将来时间时，谓语动词为“一时性的动作”，in作“在以后”解。例如：He will arrive in two hours.意指“从现在算起的两小时后”。 谓语动词为“延续性的动作”时，in作“在以內”解。例如：These products will be produced in a month.意指“一个月内”。 after用于将来时间时也指“一段时间之后”，但其后的时间是“一点”(如：after two oclock)，而不是“一段”。3) on具体的时日或特定的时间，如某日、某节日、星期几等On. May 4th ( On Sunday, On New Years day, On Christmas Day)，there will be a celebration.He will come to meet us on our arrival.在某个特定的早晨、下午或晚上He died on the eve of victory(胜利前夕)He arrived at 10 0clock on the night of the 5th.准（时），按（时）If the train should be on time, I should reach home before dark.4) By不迟于，在（某时）前He must have returned by now.Jack had made some friends by the time you came.He will come by six oclock.By then he was more than fifty years of age.在间，在的时候He worked by day and slept by night.I dont like travelling by night.5) for（年、月、日、时等）之久He was absent from school for a week.I have been here for three days.在指定的时间，“为（某场合）”或“（某事）安排在（某时刻）”He asked his daughter what she would like for her birthday.Id like to book a room for Friday night.The ceremony was arranged for two oclock/March lst.6) through指时间含义同throughout，表示“从开始到结束”He guarded us all through the night.We work hard all through the year.It rained throughout the night.7) over指时间同during，指贯穿这一时间段，意为“在期间”We often talked over a cup of coffee.Will you stay here over Christmas?8) until指时间意为“一直到为止”He worked until 10:00 P. M. And then quit.He did not stop working until late at night.直接引语转换成间接引语1) 直接引语是陈述句：改为以that引导的宾语从句。主语+ said，“陈述句”主语+ said+( that)+陈述句直接引语：He said,”Im very glad.”间接引语：He said ( that) he was very glad.2) 直接引语是一般疑问句：改为whether/if.引导的宾语从句。主语+ asked，“一般疑问句”主语+asked+（宾语）+ whether/if +陈述句直接引语：He asked, “Are you very busy these days?”间接引语： He asked me whether I was very busy those days.3) 直接引语是特殊疑问句：改为由where，when，what，why，how，how many 等疑问词引导的宾语从句。主语+ asked，“特殊疑问句” 主语+ asked+（宾语）+特殊疑问词+陈述句直接引语：He said, ” when do you want to leave ? ”间接引语： He asked me when I wanted co leave.直接引语：He said，“What do you want to read?”间接引语：He asked me what I wanted to read.4) 直接引语是祈使句：改为如下结构。主语+ask/tell/order/advise/warn+宾语+(not) to do sth.直接引语：He said,” Open the door please, John!”间接引语：He asked John to open the door.直接引语：He said,” Dont talk in class!”间接引语：He ordered us not to talk in class.5) 主句的转述动词为过去时，转换成间接引语时的时态变化。直接引语 间接引语She said,“I do all the work.” She said that she did all the work.She said, “I did all the work.” She said that she had done all the work.She said, ”Ill do all the work.” She said that she would do all the work.She said,”Im doing all the work. She said that she was doing all the work.She said,”Ive done all the work.” She said that she had done all the work.She said,” Ive been doing it.” She said that she had been doing it.She said,”I can do all the work.” She said that she could do all the work.注意：直接引语中陈述的是真理之类的现在时内容时，转换成间接引语时仍用现在时。He said,”The earth moves round the sun.”He told me that the earth moves round the sun.6) 转换过程中时间状语、地点状语、指示代词和某些动词的变化。直接引语 间接引语now现在 then那时today今天 that day那天tonight今晚 that night那天晚上yesterday昨天 the day before 前一天tomorrow明天 the next day/the following day第二天 last weekmonth上周上个月 the week/month before 前一周前个月next week/year下周明年 the week/year after下下周后年in two days再过两天 two days later/after two days两天之后three days ago三天前（现在算起） three days before三天前（过去算起） here这儿 there那儿this这 that那these这些 those那些come来 go去 bring带来 take带走例1： He said,”I went to Beijing last week.” He said that he had gone to Beijing the week before.例2： He asked,” Will you come tomorrow？” He asked me whether I would go the next day.例3： He asked,”Have you finished reading this book.” He asked me if I had finished reading that book.It is与There be的区别:1) it用作实词常指代前面提到的物体或事情。There be结构表示某物存在于某处。例如：They live on a busy main road. It must be very noisy. That building is now a supermarket. It used to be a cinema. Last winter it was very cold and there was a lot of snow. They live on a busy road. There must be a lot of noise from the traffic.2) it作形式主语，可代替主语从句，或代替用作主语的不定式、动名词（例句见本章“it作形式主语”） 。There be结构表示某人、某事或某物存在于某地或是否存在。常见的句式如下： It is no wonder+( that)从句 There is no doubt+ about/ that 从句 It is no surprise +that从句 There is no hope/chance of. It is no secret +that从句 There is no need to do.It is no coincidence + that从句 There is no point in doing.It is( no longer)+形容词+to do There is no reason to do.It is no use/good+ -ing There is no denying+ that从句Have的用法常用结构： have+宾语+不带to的动词不定式 have十宾语+现在分词 have+宾语+过去分词这三种结构有下面几种用法。1使某人或某物做某事，使某物某事被（他人）做He had everybody fill out a form.他让所有的人都填了表。She had us laughing all through the meal在吃饭过程中，她使我们始终笑个不停。I had my films developed.我把胶卷让人给冲洗出来了。If you dont get out of my house Ill have you arrested.如果不离开我的房子，我就让人把你抓起来。【提示】在have十sth.+ done结构中，句子主语与实际动作执行者的关系有三种情况：同一个人，不是同一个人，可能是同一个人或不是同一个人。例如：He is too old to have the book completed.他垂垂老矣，这本书写不完了。（同一个人）He is going to have the bad tooth pulled out.他要去拔牙。 （不是同一个人）She has her car cleaned twice a week.她每周洗刷两次汽车。（同一个人或不是同一个人）have+ sb.十doing sth.结构表示正在进行的、尚未完成的动作；have十sb十do sth.结构表示已经完成的动作。比较：I had her typing out the paper我让她正在打出那篇论文。I had her type out the paper.我让她打出了那篇论文。2 经历某个事件或行动，遭遇（句子的主语不是动作的执行者）He had his left hand cut off when operating the machine.他在操作这部机器时左手被切掉了。Its lovely to have people smile at you in the street.在街上，人们朝你微笑是件非常愉快的事。She had two pens missing.她丢了两支钢笔。3 拒绝接受，不允许（wont have)，相当于dont allow/ permit sb. to do sth.或forbid sb. to do sth.I wont have you do/doing that again.我决不会让你再做那件事。They wont have their land turned into a battlefield.他们决不允许把他们的家园变成战场。4 静态的have不同于动态的have作静态动词用时，have意为“有”，疑问句可用Have you？Have you got？Do youhave？三种形式；否定句可用havent，havent got，dont have三种形式；但静态动词have不可用于进行时态或被动语态。例如：你有妹妹吗？Have you a sister?Have you got a sister?Do you have a sister?我没有妹妹。I havent a sister.I havent got a sister.I dont have a sister.简在楼上有一个房间。Jane has a room upstairs. ()Jane is having a room upstairs. XA room is had by Jane upstairs. X作动态动词用时，have的意义相当于实义动词eat，take，catch，wear，get，receive，obtain，experience，meet with，earn 等，通常可用于进行时态或被动语态。动态have的疑问句要用Do you have？形式，否定句要用dont have 形式。例如：She is having a baby. 她怀孕了。 （=is expecting）There was nothing to be had. 什么也得不到。 (obtained)A good time was had by us. 我们度过了一段美好时光。Do you have lunch at twelve? 你12点吃午饭吗？（不可说Have you lunch？ 或Have you got lunch？)He didnt have a good sleep.他没睡好。（不可说He hadnt a）He had supper at seven.他7点吃的晚饭。（不可说He had got）一般现在时(The Simple Present/The Present Indefinite Tense)1 构成 do ; does用动词原形，第三人称单数有变化。基本变化规则是：一般情况加“-s”，以辅音加“y”结尾的词把“y”改为“i”, 再加“-es”（但元音加“y”结尾的则直接加“-s”），以“o，s，x，ch，sh”结尾的词在词尾加“-es”。动词be的变化形式是is，am，are；动词have的变化形式是have，has。2 功能 表示习惯的、永久性的或反复发生的动作 (常同every day，often，sometimes，usually，always，twice a month, every week, on Sundays, occasionally, normally, generally, weekly, now and then, every so often, as a rule, rarely 等时间状语连用 )He seldom eats meat.他很少吃肉。I never sit up late into the night.我从不晚睡。She always takes a walk in the evening.她常在晚间散步。The world always makes way for the dreamer.这世界永远会为追求理想的人让出一条光明大道。 表示特征、能力或现时的情况或状态She loves music.她喜欢音乐。Contradictions exist everywhere.矛盾处处存在。They dont speak French here.这儿不讲法语。She lives in a villa at the foot of the hill.她住在山脚下的一栋别墅里。People enjoy reading about the rich and famous.人们喜欢阅读有关富人和名人的书。【提示】下面是一个歧义句：She cant bear children. A 她不能生育。B 她受不了孩子们的嬉闹。 表示普遍真理、事实，也用在格言中The earth moves round the sun.地球绕太阳转。Water boils at 100水的沸点是100。Spring follows winter.冬天过后就是春天。Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。A stitch in time saves nine.小洞不补，大洞吃苦。No man but errs.人非圣贤，孰能无过。 在由 when, it, after, before, although, as, as soon as, the minute, the next time, whether, even if ,in case, though, till, until, unless, so long as, where, whatever, wherever 等引导的表示时间、条件、比较等状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时.Ill tell her when she comes tomorrow. 她明天来的时候我会告诉她的。You will surely succeed if you try your best. 功夫不负有心人。Ill go where you go. 你去哪儿我也去哪儿。I shall tell her the minute she gets here.她一到那里我就告诉她。I shall have a good time whether l win or lose.我不论输赢都会很快活。In the future I shall do as she says.将来我要按她说的去做。The earlier you leave，t