浅谈英语定语的汉译技(英文).doc

高等教育成人考试函授教育毕业论文Discussed shallowly English attribute the Chinese translates the skill专 业： 英 语 年 级： 2007级英语本科1班姓 名： 张 启 玉 学 号： 200725020111 指导教师： 联系电话：完稿日期： 2009年 2 月 2日【Abstract】Generally speaking, a sentence can be divided into two main parts: subject and predicate. Therefore, the attribute is not the main part of a sentence. However, as the modifier of the headword of a noun phrase, the attribute actually plays an important role in the accurate understanding of the meaning of a sentence. English and Chinese have many things in common, however, like lots of other languages, each one has its special features. In translation practice, people are frightened by long and complicated attributes, especially by the complex attributive clauses and the order of multi-attributes. Whats worse, sometimes the translation is totally different from the meaning of the original text, thus breaks the basic translation principle - “faithfulness comes first”. So it is essential to make contrasts between Chinese and English attributes and discuss their translation skills. Pre-attributes and post-attributes emphasize different aspects in the translation. The attributive clause is one of the main features in English; its translation should conform to the idiomatic Chinese expression. With a study of different forms and usages of the attributes, this article explores skills of translating English attributes into Chinese.【Key words】 attribute；headword；translation【Main text】The UK-US country and China geographical position great distance is remote, the historical and cultural traditions are different, the local conditions and social customs vary. This caused the thought method to be different, but thought method different also on immediate influence two national language expression method. Moreover, the English to Chinese two languages belong to the different language family-The former is the Indo-European languages (Indo-European language), the latter for Sino-Tibetan language family (Sino-Tibetan language). They have the very big difference in the sentence structure: “the English heavy shape is legitimate, the syntax structure is rigorous, therefore together is often forming many sentence organizations long and the complex sentence; But Chinese stresses in agreeing in opinion the law, the sentence has the intrinsic thought to pass through mostly in together, does not have the explicit conjoined element, therefore is impossible to look like the English such composition complex long verse, the syntax structure is often loose.” this difference for English attribute, specially attributive clauses translation has brought many difficulties. Especially when meets one long and the complex attribute, is lets the human think that starts without knowing where to begin.therefore , some people obtained translator to have “lose” this conclusion, because “English word meaning rich nimble, Chinese word meaning was relatively rigorous fixedly, this often brought the difficulty to the literal translation, under the transliteration loses unavoidably”. if does not have a good command of between two language attributes the similarities and differences, when translation makes the corresponding transformation, is also not smooth, is also not faithful to the original text, will make the reader to understand with difficulty. When translation the attribute usage, the word order change and using the translation is the aspect which is noteworthy. How does the following divide into the attribute the word or the phrase translation as well as the attributive clause translation two aspects shows the translate English attribute:Frist、Decides the word or the phrase translation (1), pretage attribute translation 1. Translates when Chinese attribute pretage, translates into “.的” Structure A. sole pretage attributeIn English, the single attribute pretage one has the adjective, the numeral, the pronoun, the gerund, the participle and the possessive case and so on. This kind of sole attribute Chinese translates when before usually puts in the central language, translates into “.” When structure, should defer to Chinese custom, at the right moment abbreviates “”. The following cites several examples:（1）The present members of the leading group are very young.Translation：领导班子的现有成员很年轻。（Adjective）（2）Chinas first man-made earth satellite weighs 173 kilos.Translation：中国第一颗人造地球卫星重173公斤。（Possessive case and numeral）（3）When penetrating injury has produced a fracture, an open fracture exists.Translation：当穿透性损伤造成骨折时，则为开放性骨折。（Gerund）（4）Under certain conditions a charged body can make an uncharged one produce charges.Translation：在一定条件下，带电体能使不带电体带电。 （Adjective） We are not difficult from the above example to see, in majority of situations “” the abbreviation or not will not affect the sentence meaning, “the existing member” may translate into “the existing member”, “China first artificial earth satellite” to be possible to translate into “Chinas first artificial earth satellite”, this time and will not hurt the essentials, but, what we need to pay attention will be Chinese expression custom question, the elephant “173 kilograms”, Chinese will never have “173 kilograms” this view. Therefore, “displays Chinese in the English to Chinese translation the superiority is throughout the translator must the direction diligently, the translation must maintain as far as possible translates into the language the characteristic”.B.Before two either two above pretage attributes translation “in English two or two above word attributes place the central language, decorates a noun together, its basic order is from the small scope to the wide range, from the secondary significance to the main significance, from the degree to degree, from arrives generally weakly appropriation, the meaning is more concrete, the materiality is stronger, more approaches the central language, but Chinese just right opposite.”therefore, when these attributes completely pretage in English sentence its word order is generally “the non-restrictive attribute + restrictive attribute + noun center word”. “the restrictive modifier does not lie in the adjective itself with the non-restrictive modifier, but lies in this adjective with to repair between the excuse the semantic relations. For example: China is a great modernized socialist country. In here, socialist is the restrictive modifier, because socialist is expressed that a country category, was stipulating the country intrinsic meaning, socialist the country two words constitute a semantic unit (socialist countries), but modernized is decorates socialist country, great decorates modernized socialist country. Therefore adjective great and modernized are only playing the general description role to central language country, is the non-limit modifier. Its position should before the restrictive modifier.Therefore, when many pretage attributes translate “.When” the meaning may be unobstructedly unmistakable, generally following translation:（1） a very valuable bronze Egyptian catTranslation：一只非常珍贵的埃及铜猫（2） the ancient Chinese historyTranslation：中国古代史（3） some Western European CountriesTranslation：西欧一些国家（4） a modern, powerful，socialist countryTranslation：一个社会主义的现代化强国（5） a powerful industrial socialist countryTranslation：一个强大的社会主义工业国（6） a great and most glorious causeTranslation：一个极其光荣伟大的事业（7） an American university president Translation：美国的一位大学校长（8） the first beautiful little white Chinese stone bridgeTranslation：中国第一座美丽的小白石桥Looking from the above example, in Chinese China and Vietnam can explain that the thing essence the attribute more needs to put before, showed the scale size or the strength strongs and the weaks attribute puts behind, but English is opposite, more can explain that the thing essence the attribute more must approach the noun which it decorates. When the Chinese translates, in translation attribute order; first, to consider Chinese the code of language, cannot be completely consistent with the original text in order; Second, must thread up with the faithful original text, avoids the translation causing the misunderstanding.2.Translates according to the special details the adjective is one kind of typical pretage attribute ingredient correspondingly, it does not have the natural, the number and the standard change, English form does not change along with its position change. However, the majority such structures look like easily, but understood is actually beset with difficulties, expresses with Chinese is not easy. Translates into simply the original text structure “.” And is unable to express the information which accurately the source language needs to transmit, this constituted in the translation “untranslatability”, namely not translatability. Because between the modifier and the central words relations are quite complex, the two concrete relations must act according to the specific linguistic environment to decide. Besides the ordinary circumstances the modifier and the central words relations may divide into: Compound, degree, progressive, causes and effects, transition, goal and so on. Sometimes therefore, translates translates into directly “.” And is unable to express the source language accurately the meaning, but should adjust the phrase the word and the word relations, transformation sentence pattern, at this time we should its lexical category shift. Generally uses opens translates the law and dissolves legitimate translates this kind of phrase or the sentence. The following shows several kind of situations in detail:A. translates into the equal standing, translates into the compound phrase or the clause the modifier and the central word, for example:“You may depend upon it, Madam,”said Miss Bingley, with cold civility,“that Miss Bennet shall receive every possible attention while she remains with us.”Translation: “太太, 你可以相信, 只要本妮特小姐和我们呆在一起儿, 她会受到各方面的关注。” 宾格利小姐冷淡而不失礼貌地说。(May see “cold civility” from this example, on the surface is relating, but translates time deals with the equal standing for suitable)B. translates into the table degree, the progressive relations compound sentence or the phrase, translates “.More .”, mostly is the verb “ing” the form makes the attribute, like growing population (越来越多的人口), drawing holidays (越来越近的假期) and so on. Growing pollution has become a pressing problem, which has received increasing attention. Translates: 污染越来越严重,已成为亟待解决的问题,越来越引起人们的重视。C. acts according to the specific linguistic environment, translates into the table causes and effects or the goal relations sentence, because between this kind of phrase two words conceals some kind of degree the causal relation or the goal relations. Usually this kind of relations use the conjunction “, therefore”, “” “the reason that thus”, and so on or “in order to”, “by this”, “so that”. Possibly some people might suspect him of a degree of underbred pride, I have a sympathetic chord within that tells me it is nothing of the sort. Translates: 可能有人怀疑, 他因缺乏教养而有点傲慢无礼, 我内心深处却产生了同情之感,认为他并不是这类人。(for example translates into “underbred pride” “ungentleness arrogant impolite” to counteract really in Chinese expresses, cannot let the human accept, also violates authors original intention. Translates into the causal relation the sentence type, the expression effect must be much better.) D. acts according to the specific linguistic environment, translates into this kind of structure transfers the acrostic type. “However” uses in Chinese the conjunction like, “”, “, but”, “but” and so on. The president in that company always made vain promises, and no one now believed what he said and did. Translates: 那个公司的总裁总是口惠而实不至, 因此现在没有人相信他的一言一行。(in sentence vain promises is “only promised, does not carry out” meaning). looks over many kinds of pretage attribute translations, how does a sentence need to translate, what purpose can serve, must obtain variously. Translates, “often must consider context, language territory, literature style, reader and so on factors, but these factors actually do not have one are irrevocable”.therefore, the attribute translates the law nimbly, not to be easy to grasp, but Wan Bian does not leave its. So long as is correct to the original text basic connotation understanding, is not difficult to translate the satisfying Italys words and phrases. However, when translates some attributes, do not excessively rigidly adhere to certain phrases, wants to transform suitably, sometimes will discover, in addition will have one kind of elegant demeanor.In brief, when UK translates Hanzhong translator the pretage attribute, should embark from Chinese custom, maximum limit maintains the English to Chinese bilingual general character part, links up diligently or makes up between them the cultural difference, thus achieves transmits the original work implication faithfully the goal.(2)、Postpositioned attribute translationIn English, the attribute postpositioned situation is commonly seen. Before the postpositioned attribute translates into Chinese the custom is moves to it the word which, decorates. In this kind of situation translates the skill not to be a problem, what but must first clarify is which in the sentence is the postpositioned attribute, what as well as beautification is which central word, based on this only then may understand the source language accurate, thus translates “the letter for first” translation. The following we discuss the postpositioned attribute the special details as well as translator:1. The adverb makes postpositioned attribute (1) People there like singing and dancing.Translates：那儿的人们喜欢唱歌跳舞。（2） Their day together remained vividly in his thoughts. Translates：他们在一起度过的日子清晰地留在他脑海中。2. The preposition phrase makes the postpositioned attribute（1） The shortest distance between two points is a straight line. Translates：两点之间的最短距离是直线。（2） Commerce with other countries is very important to us. Translates：与其他国家的贸易往来对我们极为重要。May see from the above example, the translation adverb and the preposition phrase make the postpositioned attribute time, so long as the clear central word and the postpositioned attributes relations and the position, the translation simply have been many, so long as translates into simply “.” Might. 3. The adjective makes postpositioned attribute A. The single adjective often makes the pretage attribute, but in the following situation, then makes the postpositioned attribute. When the Chinese translates, a translation “.” Structure. By - body, - one, - thing, - the where endings synthesis does not decide the pronoun, decorates with the postpositioned attribute. For example:We didnt meet anybody new at the party.Translates：在舞会上,我们没有见到新面孔的人。Is there anything important in todays newspaper?Translates：今天的报纸有什么重要的新闻吗? After expression general meaning matters/things makes the postpositioned attribute with the adjective. For example: In matters chemical, Im an ignorant person. Translates：在化学方面,我一无所知。 Sometimes, after person also uses the single adjective to make the postpositioned attribute. For example: If youve got a complaint, the best thing is to see the person concerned and have it out with him. Translates: 假如你有什么抱怨的话,最好的办法是找有关的人,跟他讲个明白。4. Now the participle and the past participle made the postpositioned attributeA. present participle makes the postpositioned attribute: Generally expressed in its movement and the sentence the predicate expressed the movement synchronize, or the expression is carrying on now movement. Generally translates “(in) .”, But sometimes must abbreviate: The single present participle makes postpositioned attribute On the day following Father got up very earlyTranslates: 第二天父亲很早就起床了。 Now the participial phrase makes postpositioned attribute The man sitting at the desk is my uncle.Translates: 坐在书桌旁边的那个男人是我的叔叔。 Now the participle passive form makes the postpositioned attribute, the modifier and the central language is the passive relations. Expressed that its movement is carrying on, perhaps and predicate expression movement synchronize. That building being repaired is our library. Translates: 现在正在修建的那座楼是我们的图书馆。B. The past participle made the postpositioned attribute: Generally the expression already completed movement. This kind of movement usually occurs before the sentence the predicate movement (sometimes possibly occurs time not too obvious), or includes “the quilt” meaning. But “the quilt” the character often abbreviates in the translation. The special details are as follows: The single past participle made postpositioned attribute I am interested in everything found. Translates: 我对发现的一切都很感兴趣。The past participle phrase made postpositioned attribute Have you read any short stories written by Lu Xun? Translates: 你看过鲁迅写的短篇小说吗?Second, Attributive clause translation in the Englishs attributive clause in the structure the length, numerous Jan varies, but Chinese also does not have the attributive clause, is also not familiar with uses the long attribute. Therefore, when the Chinese translates, how to translate into according to the context English attributive clause the simple and brief Chinese, causes it to conform to Chinese custom, is worth studying earnestly. (A) pretage method the English attributive clause translates the law mainly to involve to the restrictive attribute subordinate clause translates the law and the non-restrictive attribute subordinate clause translates the law. “the restrictive attribute subordinate clause to the advance word which decorates plays the limit role, is close with the advance word r