十 动词不定式.doc

高级语法育英科技内部系列辅导材料主编 王衡 （本教材含盖高中所有语法及重点考点）动词不定式概述：1. 基本形式：to do（to仅是个符号，本身无实义，也可叫小品词）2. 否定形式：not+to do; never+to doeg.:He warned his younger brother not to open the door.3. 特征：不及物动词的不定式可跟宾语eg.:Its important to master a foreign language.可被状语修饰eg.:In order to hear the lecture clearly,I seated myself in the front.不定式具有名词，形容词，副词的特征，表示一个具体的动作，有将来时的含义，在句中作主、宾、表、定、状、宾补无人称和数的变化可有自己的逻辑主语4. 不定式的复合结构：for sb.+to do sth.eg.:It is essential for a person to stay happy every day. It is for you to decide.不定式的句法功能：1. 作主语：eg.:To see is to believe. To help poor people is our duty.2. 作表语：表示主语的“职业、职责或性质”eg.:Our duty is to help those people find their parents.主语是aim,purpose,hope,idea,intention,plan,suggestion,wish,decision,等词，常用不定式作表语eg.:My wish is to travel around the world.主语和表语都是不定式，主语表示条件，表语表示目的或结果eg.:To learn a language is to use it.3. 作宾语：不定式在下列及物动词后作宾语：want,hope,wish,like,begin/start,try,need,forget,agree,know,learn,promise,teach,refuse,help,arrange,dare,decide,determine,fail,manage,offer,prepare,pretend,hate,prefer,continue,ask,mean,choose,expect,desire etc.eg.:I expect to see you tomorrow. She wanted to borrow my dictionary.不定式还可跟在以下形容词后作宾语：glad,sure,afraid,able,sorry,free etc.eg.:You are free to go or stay.4. 作宾补：不定式作其它成分，这一动作几乎没发生，有将来的意思，但作宾补有两种含义：表将来动作，未发生 整个动作已完成eg.:Please allow me to introduce Mr. White to you.注：不定式作感官动词和使役动词的宾补时，在主动态的句中省略toeg.:I saw him go upstairs. (动作已完成)5. 作定语eg.:I have a lot of work to do. The nurse has five children to look after.6. 作状语：表示目的、原因、结果或条件表目的：还可用in order to /so as to表示eg.:They do all they can to help the girl.表结果：so+adj.+as to; such+n.+as toeg.:He was so angry as to be unable to speak. We are not such fools as to believe him.enough (for sb.)toeg.:This book is easy enough for me to readtootoeg.:My eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.only to,never to表示意想不到的或糟糕的结果eg.:I went to see him only to find him out. His father left home that night,never to be heard from.表原因：这种原因状语往往跟在表示“高兴、愉快、生气、荣耀、遗憾”等意义的形容词之后，说明产生这种情感的原因。eg.:I am glad to hear the news. We were very excited to hear the news.表条件eg.:To turn to the left,you can find a post-office.作独立成分：这种不定式独立于句子之外，表示说话者的态度、语气等，又称评论性状语eg.:To tell you the truth,I dont think the film is good. To be frank,you are lying.常用作独立成分的不定式有：to tell you the truth说实话 to speak frankly坦诚地说to put it briefly简言之 to be honest坦诚地说to start with首先 to be sure 的确“疑问词+不定式”结构疑问词how,when,where,what,which,who,whether与to do连用，在句中作主、宾、表语等，其功能相当于名词性从句eg.:I dont know which bus to take. The question is how to put the plan into practice. Where to go has not been decided yet.不定式的时态和语态：（以do为例）主动态被动态一般式to+doto be+done进行式to be+doing-完成式to have+doneto heve been+done完成进行式to heve been+doing-1. 不定式的时态用法：不定式的一般式：表示的动作通常与谓语动作同时发生或在其后发生eg.:He appears to be very happy.To catch the train,wed better hurry to the station by taxi.不定式的进行式：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动作同时发生eg.:They seemed to be getting along with. Im glad to be traveling with you.不定式的完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前eg.:I am sorry to have given you so much trouble.注：在intended,expexted,hoped,promised,wanted,wished,thought等后用不定式的完成式，表示过去没有实现的愿望、期待或计划等。eg.:I intended to have come to see you.在seem,appear,think,consider,believe等表示看法与想法的动词后用不定式的完成式，表示该动作先于另一个动作而发生，此结构也常用以it作形式主语的结构代替eg.:He seems to have bought the new book. =It seems that he has bought the new book.2. 不定式的语态：当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动语态eg.:It is an honor for me to be invited to the party. There are a lot of things to be done.如果逻辑主语不出现，只要在意义上是被动的，不定式仍用被动式eg.:To be attacked by the enemy is not a bad thing,but a good thing.被敌人反对不是坏事而是好事。不定式的主动形式表达被动含义：1. 不定式作定语与被修饰名词构成动宾关系时，同时与句子的另一名词或代词有逻辑上的主谓关系。eg.:He gave me some books to read. He has no one to help.没有人要他帮忙2. 当句子主语与不定式是动宾关系，且句中的形容词说明不定式的特征时eg.:The morning air is so good to breath.3. 在there be句型中，用来修饰主语的不定式在表示被动意义时，可用被动式，也可用主动式eg.:There is no time to lose.(=to be lost) There are still many things to do.(=to be done)4. 不定式to rent,to blame,to seek等也总是用主动形式表示被动含义eg.:The house is to rent. She is not the woman to blame.省略to 的不定式1. 感官动词和使役动词在主动态中不定式作宾补巧记：“一感”feel “二听”listen to,hear “三让”have,make ,let “六看”see,watch,notice,observe,look at,discovereg.:Will you please have Tom come over this weekend? He noticed Tom take a branch of flowers in his hand.2. 由all,what引导的主从或主语被only,first,one,least,或adj.最高级修饰时，而且从句中含do时，其表语如果是to do，则往往省去toeg.:All I did was empty the bottle. The only thing I could do was do it myself.3. help后的不定式中to可有可无；但当主语是表示物的名词或主语不能发出不定式的动作时需要带toeg.:I helped her (to)finish her work on time. Your perfect spoken English can help you to find a good job.4. 在下列结构中常用省略to 的不定式：had better do sth. would rather do sth.宁愿做某事cannot but do sth.只好做某事 do nothing but do sth.只好做某事have nothing to do but do sth.只能做某事Why do sth.?为什么做某事？ Why not do sth.?为什么不做某事？单独使用不定式符号to的情况：1. 为了避免与前面已出现的动词重复，可以用不定式符号来代替不定式结构eg.:You may go with them if you hope to.2. be going to/be to/have to/ought to/used to后的动词在这种情况下也可省略eg.:-Do you like here? -No,but I used to (live here).3. 若不定式结构中动词为be或助动词have,需保留be或have.eg.:-Are you a taxi-driver? -No,but I used to be.动词不定式练习题1. The teacher told them _ make so much noise.A. dont B. not C. will not D. not to2. Our master often told us _ things for granted.A. not to have B. not to takeC. didnt take D. not to make3. Tell him _ the window.A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut4. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him_.A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to5. Mrs Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking.A. never to driveB. to never drive C. never drivingD. never drive6. The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation.A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating7. The workers want us _ together with them.A. work B. working C. to work D. worked8. They would not allow him _ across the enemy line.A. to risk going B. risking to go C. for risk to goD. risk going9. I saw him _ out of the room.A. go B. had gone C. has gone D. goes10. They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood.A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow11. Ive heard him _ about you often.A. spoke B. speaks C. speak12. Though he had often made his little sister _, today he was made _by his little sister.A. cry；to cryB. crying；crying C. cry；cryD. to cry；cry13. He was made _.A. go B. gone C. going D. to go14. John was made _ the truck for a week as a punishment.A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing15. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard.A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning16. Therere so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind _ to buy.A. what B. which C. how D. where17. There isnt any difference between the two. I really dont know _.A. where to choose B. which to chooseC. to choose what D. to choose which18. “ Have you decided when _?”“ Yes, tomorrow morning.”A. to leave B. to be leaving C. will you leaveD. are you leaving19. Last summer I took a course on _.A. how to make dressesB. how dresses be madeC. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made20. He doesnt know _ to stay or not.A. whether B. if C. either D. if he will21. She pretended _ me when I passed by.A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not seeD. having not seen22. - The light in the office is still on. - Oh, I forgot _.A. turning it off B. turn it offC. to turn it off D. having turned it off23. We agreed _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet.A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met24. Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening.A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking25. I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone26. Frank is the kind of person who people like to _.A. make friend with B. make friends ofC. make friends D. make friends with27. Go on _ the other exercise after you have finished this one.A. to do B. doing C. with D. to be doing28. She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest29. Tom kept quiet about the accident _ lose his job.A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to30. I need a day or two _.A. to think it over B. to think over C. of thinking31. He was too excited _.A. speak B. to speak C. not to speak D. speaking32. Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer.A. to invent B. inventingC. to have invented D. having invented33. He said he would rather not _ it right now.A. doing B. to do C. do D. to be doing34. Rather than _ on a crowded bus, he always prefers _ a bicycle.A. ride； ride B. riding； rideC. ride； to ride D. to ride； riding35. Its freezing outside. You _ put on your overcoat.A. had better to B. had better C. would betterD. would better to36. The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _.A. sit B. sit on C. be sit D. be sat on37. Im hungry. Get me something _.A. eat B. to eat C. eating D. for eating38. - I usually go there by train.- Why not _ by boat for a change?A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going39. She did nothing _ at the photo.A. except lookB. but to look C. except to lookD. but looking40. I asked him to _ me a few minutes so that we could go over all the problems.A. spend B. spare C. save D. share41. They wont let their teacher _ in that way.A. to be treated B. being treated C. treated D. be treated42. John, you must get your room