挪威语常用短语与词汇.docx

1. BASIC PHRASES God morgenGood MorningHallo / God dagHello / Good DayGod kveldGood EveningGod nattGood NightHa det braGoodbyeHei / Ha detHi / ByeVr s snill Please(Tusen) TakkThank you (very much)Ingen rsak / Vr s godDont mention it / Youre welcomeJa / NeiYes / NoHerr / Fru / FrkenMister / MissesVelkommen!Welcome! Hvordan har du det?How are you?Hvordan gr det?How its going?Bra / DrligGood / BadHva heter du?Whats your name? Jeg heter.My name is. (I am called.)Hyggelig treffe deg!Pleased to meet you!Hvor kommer du fra?Where are you from? Jeg er fra.Im from.UnnskyldExcuse me / Sorry Hvor bor du?Where do you live? Jeg bor i.I live in.Jeg vil gjerne ha. / Jeg skulle gjerne hatt.I would like.Hvor gammel er du?How old are you? Jeg er _ r (gammel).I am _ years (old). Jeg vet ikke.I dont know.Snakker du norsk?Do you speak Norwegian?Jeg snakker engelsk.I speak English.Snakk langsomtSpeak slowlysvensk, dansk, fransk, italiensk, spansk, tysk, hollndsk, rysk, japanskSwedish, Danish, French, Italian, Spanish, German, Dutch, Russian, JapaneseHva heter . p norsk?How do you say . in Norwegian?Forstr du?Do you understand?Jeg forstr ikke.I dont understand.Vr s snill gjenta / Vennligst gjentaPlease repeatHva er dette?What is this?Hvor er . ?Where is . ?Hvor mye koster dette?How much does this cost?Jeg er sultenIm hungryJeg er trstIm thirstyJeg er trettIm tiredJeg er sykIm sickJeg tror ikke detI dont think soKom inn / hitCome in / hereTa plassHave a seat.Stans! / Stopp! Stop!Straks!Immediately! / Soon! Jeg har gtt meg bortIm lostHjelp!Help!Fare!Danger! Pass p!Watch out!Vent litt!Wait a minute!Hvor langt er det?How far is it?Det var synd.Thats too bad!Velbekomme!Have a good meal!Skl!Cheers! (toast)Lykke til!Good luck!Jeg elsker deg.I love you.Jeg savner deg.I miss you.2. PRONUNCIATION Norwegian letter(s)English sounddsilent at end of word; and in -ld, -nd, -rdigeeegayhsilent before consonants, such as in hv-j, gj, hjyuh, as in yeskj, tjsh, but softer and more palatalized (as in German)sj, skjshslshlki, ky, kei, kysh, but softer and more palatalized (as in German)ski, sky, skei, skyshgi, gy, gei, gyyuhg + other vowelsguhsk + other vowelssk-egn, -egl, -gng is silentngnasalized, as in singer and not fingerah as in catay, but with lips roundedaw as in saw3. ALPHABET aahhkkawuoohbbaylelvvaycsaymemwdobbel-vehddaynenxekseayooohyew (lips rounded) fefppayzsetggayqkooah (as in cat)hhawrairay (lips rounded)ieesessawjyodttay4. NOUNS & CASES Nouns in Norwegian (Bokml) have two genders, masculine and neuter, which adjectives must agree with when modifying nouns. Technically there is a third gender, feminine (which Nynorsk retains), but since feminine nouns can be written as masculine nouns, Im including feminine nouns in the masculine category. There are two indefinite articles that correspond with these genders: en for masculine nouns and et for neuter nouns. In the vocabulary lists, a noun followed by (n) means that it is a neuter noun and it takes the indefinite article et. The majority of nouns in Norwegian are masculine, so they take the indefinite article en. The only case of nouns that is used in Norwegian is the genitive (showing possession), and it is easily formed by adding an -s to the noun. This is comparable to adding -s in English to show possession. However, if the noun already ends in -s, then you add nothing (unlike English where we add - or -s). Olavs hus = Olavs house 5. ARTICLES & DEMONSTRATIVES There are two indefinite articles (corresponding to a and an): en and et. En is used with most of the nouns (words denoting people almost always use en), but you will just have to learn which article goes with which noun. The definite article (the) is not a separate word like in most other languages. It is simply a form of the indefinite article attached to the end of the noun. Note that en words ending in a vowel retain that vowel and add an -n instead of adding -en. And et words ending in -e just add -t. Furthermore, the t of et as an indefinite article is pronounced; however, the t is silent in the definite article -et attached to the noun. (For feminine nouns, the indefinite article is ei and the definite article that is attached to the noun is -a. In theory, this gender does still exist in Bokml, but in practice, it is rarely used and the feminine nouns are inflected like masculine nouns, i.e. add -en instead of -a for the definite form.) Articles En words (masculine)Et words (neuter)IndefiniteDefiniteIndefiniteDefiniteen fiska fishfiskenthe fishet vindua windowvinduetthe windowen bakera bakerbakerenthe bakeret barna childbarnetthe childen hagea gardenhagenthe gardenet husa househusetthe houseDemonstrative Adjectivesmasculinedenne dressenthis suitden dressenthat suitneuterdette skjerfetthis scarfdet skjerfetthat scarfpluraldisse skoenethese shoesde skoenethose shoesNotice that the noun that follows a demonstrative adjective must have the definite article attached to it. (The feminine form of demonstratives is identical to the masculine; denne and den.)6. SUBJECT & OBJECT PRONOUNS Subject & Object Pronouns jegImegmeduyou (singular)degyouhanhehamhimhunshehenneherdenit (masc.)denitdetit (neut.)detitmanonemanoneviweossusdereyou (plural)dereyoudetheydemthem7. TO BE & TO HAVE The present and past tenses of verbs in Norwegian are very simple to conjugate. All the forms are the same for each personal pronoun. The infinitive of the verb to be in Norwegian is vre, and the conjugated present tense form is er and the past tense is var. The infinitive of the verb to have is ha, and the conjugated present tense form is har and the past tense is hadde. vre - to beha - to haveI amjeg erI wasjeg varI havejeg harI hadjeg haddeyou aredu eryou weredu varyou havedu haryou haddu haddehe ishan erhe washan varhe hashan harhe hadhan haddeshe ishun ershe washun varshe hashun harshe hadhun haddeit isden erit wasden varit hasden harit hadden haddeit isdet erit wasdet varit hasdet harit haddet haddeone isman erone wasman varone hasman harone hadman haddewe arevi erwe werevi varwe havevi harwe hadvi haddeyou aredere eryou weredere varyou havedere haryou haddere haddethey arede erthey werede varthey havede harthey hadde haddeTo form the future tense of verbs, just add skal before the infinitive. Jeg skal vre = I will be; hun skal ha = she will have; etc.8. USEFUL WORDS sometimesnoen ganger / av og til alreadyalleredealwaysalltidperhapskanskjeneveraldribothbeggeoftenoftesomenoe(n)usuallyvanligvisagainigjennownbetweenmellomandoga lot, manymye / mangebutmenof courseselvflgelig / sklartorellera littlelittveryveldig / svrtnot at allikke i det hele tatt / slettes ikke / overhodet ikkehereheralmostnestentherederreally?virkelig?withmedit isdet ereach otherhverandrethere is/aredet finnes9. QUESTION WORDS WhohvemHowhvordanWhathvaHow muchhvor myeWhyhvorforHow manyhvor mangeWhennrHow longhvor lengeWherehvorWhere fromhvorfraWhichhvilken, hvilket, hvilkeWhat kind ofhva slags Hvilken is used with masculine nouns, hvilket is used with neuter nouns, and hvilke is used with plural nouns.10. CARDINAL & ORDINAL NUMBERS 0null1en, ett1stfrste2to2ndannen, andre3tre3rdtredje4fire4thfjerde5fem5thfemte6seks6thsjette7sju7thsjuende8tte8thttende9ni9thniende10ti10thtiende11elleve11thellevte12tolv12thtolvte13tretten13thtrettende14fjorten14thfjortende15femten15thfemtende16seksten16thsekstende17sytten17thsyttende18atten18thattende19nitten19thnittende20tjue20thtjuende21tjueen, tjueett21sttjuefrste22tjueto22ndtjueandre30tretti30thtrettiende40frti40thfrtiende50femti50thfemtiende60seksti60thsekstiende70sytti70thsyttiende80tti80thttiende90nitti90thnittiende100hundre100thhundrede1,000tusen1,000thtusendemillionmillionbillionmilliardtrillionbillionSju can also be written syv (slightly more formal), and sjuende as syvende Similarly tjue can be tyve, but this does seem less common and more formal. 11. DAYS OF THE WEEK Mondaymandagthis morningi dag morgesTuesdaytirsdagtomorrow morningi morgen tidligWednesdayonsdagtomorrow afternooni morgen formiddagThursdaytorsdagtomorrow nighti morgen kveldFridayfredagday after tomorrowi overmorgenSaturdaylrdagtonighti kveldSundaysndaglast nighti gr kvelddaydagyesterdayi grmorningmorgenday before yesterdayi forgrsafternoonettermiddagweekukeeveningkveldnext weeknest ukenightnattweekendhelgtodayi dagdailydagligtomorrowi morgenweeklyukentlig12. MONTHS OF THE YEAR JanuaryjanuarFebruaryfebruarMarchmarsAprilaprilMaymaiJunejuniJulyjuliAugustaugustSeptemberseptemberOctoberoktoberNovembernovemberDecemberdesembermonthmnedlast monthforrige mnedmonthlymnedligyearr (n)this yeari rlast yeari fjoryearlyrlig13. SEASONS Wintervinterin (the) winterom vinterenSpringvrin (the) springom vrenSummersommerin (the) summerom sommerenFallhstin (the) fallom hsten14. DIRECTIONS NorthnordNortheastnordstSouthsydNorthwestnordvestEaststSoutheastsydstWestvestSouthwestsydvestto the righttil hyreto the lefttil venstrestraight aheadrett fram / frem Frem is slightly more formal than fram. 15. COLORS orangeoransjepinkrosapurplelillabluebl, bltt, blyellowgul, gult, guleredrd, rdt, rdeblacksvart, svart, svartebrownbrun, brunt, brunegraygr, grtt, grwhitehvit, hvitt, hvitegreengrnn, grnt, grnneThe first three colors do not change according to gender or number to agree with the noun they modify. The rest of the colors must agree, however, and they are listed in masculine, neuter and plural forms: en grnn kjole - a green dress; et bltt hus - a blue house; svarte sokker - black socks16. TIME What time is it?Hva er klokken?nownIt is 2.Klokken er to.earlytidlig6:20tjue over seksearliertidligerehalf past 3halv firesoonsnartquarter past 4kvart over firelatesentquarter to 5kvart p femlatersenere10 past 11ti over ellevein 10 minutesom ti minutter20 to 7tjue p sjuin 15 minutesom et kvarternoonmiddagin a half hourom en halvtimemidnightmidnattin an hourom en timein the morningom morgenenright nowakkurat nin the eveningom kveldenat oncemed en gangIts exactly.Den er nyaktig.immediatelystraksAbout/around 8.omtrent tteAt 8.klokken tte17. WEATHER Hows theweather?Hvordan er vret?What temperature is it?Hvor mange grader er det?Its coldDet er kaldtIts foggyDet er tkeIts warmDet er varmtThe fog is liftingTken letnerIts beautifulDet er pentIts snowingDet snrIts badDet er drligIts rainingDet regnerIts clearingDet lysnerIts going to stormDet bli stormIts icyDet er iseteTheres thunderDet tordnerIts windyDet blserTheres lightningDet lynerIts cloudyDet er overskyetIts freezing (cold as ice) Det er iskaldtIts humid/muggyDet er fuktigIts hailingDet hagler18. FAMILY ParentsforeldreNiecenieseMothermorNephewnevFatherfarUncleonkelSonsnnAunttanteDaughterdatterBoyguttBrotherbrorGirljente, pikeSisterssterChild / BabybarnGrandfatherbestefarAdultvoksenGrandmotherbestemorManmannGrandsonbarnebarnWomankvinneGranddaughter barnebarnFriend (male)vennCousin (male) fetterFriend female)venninneCousin (female) kusineSome family words have irregular indefinite plurals: mdre (mothers), fedre (fathers), snner (sons), dtre (daughters), brdre (brothers), and sstre (sisters)19. TO KNOW PEOPLE & FACTS kjenne - to know peoplevite - to know factspresentkjennervetpastkjentevisstefutureskal kjenneskal vite20. FORMATION OF PLURAL NOUNS Masculine nouns generally add -er or -r to the indefinite singular noun to form the indefinite plural, and -ene or -ne to form the definite plural. The names of jobs ending in -