非谓语动词专题之不定式.doc

词法：非谓语动词之不定式非谓语动词指不能单独作谓语，但同时仍保留动词的某些特征的动词形式非谓语动词主要有不定式，动词-ing形式，动词-ed形式三类它们没有人称和数的变化，但可以有自己的宾语，状语等一：动词不定式动词不定式是指在句中无人称和数的限制，并在句中起着名词，形容词或副词作用的成分不定式有两种形式，一种是带有不定式符号to的不定式，一种是不带有不定式符号to的不定式，后者又称动词原形不定式在句中起着名词，形容词或副词的作用，不定式不能作谓语，但它具有动词的一些特征，如可以带有自己的宾语，可有状语修饰等， 不定式的特征及物动词的不定式可以跟宾语eg: I like to read detective stories .可以被状语修饰eg: He asked me to say my mane aloud . I was told to drive the car carefully and slowly .没有人称和数的变化，即不受主语的人称和单、复数的限定或影响eg: She likes to play the accordion（手风琴） when she was young .其否定形式是在不定式符号to 前面加not eg: The teacher has told me many times not to come late again . She seems not to have a bright time with her new friends . 不定式的逻辑主语由for或of结构引出eg: Its important for us to look into the world .（客观+for） Its impolite of you to visit him in advance .要去去拜访之前，不提前告诉别人是不礼貌的（主观+of）， 不定式的语法功能作主语：不定式在句中作主语，相当于名词或代词的作用eg: To learn an art is very hard . To master a foreign language calls for a great deal of memory work .掌握一门外语需要大量的记忆性工作：不定式作主语往往用形式主语it替代，然后将不定式置于句尾eg: It is very hard to learn an art . It calls for a great deal of memory work to master a foreign language .作表语：不定式作表语表示主语的职业，职责或性质等eg: Our duty is to help the young children to grow better . He seemed to know everything about this matter .：不定式作表语与情态动词be to do用法存在区别作宾语 不定式可以作某些动词的宾语eg: I really like to watch football matches . How I wish to see my old friends again . 必背：常用不定式作宾语的动词有：want 、wish 、hope 、offer 、decide 、help 、long 、arrange 、learn 、ask 、refuse 、promise 、pretend 、expect 、dare 、afford 、plan 、manage 、agree 、prepare 、determine 不定式可以作介词的宾语：作介词宾语时，一般情况下需要加上wh-词，besides, except, but这三个词要根据具体的意义和结构运用动词的其他形式，如省略to的不定式或动词-ing形式等eg: I am interested in what to do but not how to do it . He does everything except go/going to school . I had no choice but to give up this chance to go abroad . I have got nothing to do but depend on myself .不定式作补足语：有的动词需要运用带符号to的不定式作宾语补足语，有的需要运用不带符号to的不定式作宾语补足语eg: I told Jeff to join the club , but he wouldnt listen . These pictures made me think of my childhood .必背：带符号to的不定式作宾语补足语的常用动词或词组有：ask 、want 、order 、like 、tell 、help 、persuade 、advise 、permit 、teach 、beg 、allow 、warn 、encourage 、forbid 、get 、force 、invite 、cause 、require 、wish 、 wait for 、 call on拜访 call for要求 不带符号to 的不定式作宾语补足语的常用动词有（但在这些动词的被动形式下，需要带 to ）：see 、watch 、hear 、feel 、notice 、observe 、 look at 、 listen to 、 have 、 make 、 let 、 discover作定语：不定式作定语须放在被修饰词的后面。通常有如下几种情况： 不定式和它所修饰的词之间有动宾关系。Have you got anything to do this evening ?I have some friends to invite over .不定式说明它修饰的名词或代词的内容，相当于同位语，可转换为同位语从句。Working parents usually dont have enough time to stay with their children .(=time that they can stay with their children)被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语。She is always the first to come to school .The next thing to do is to keep the machine on for five minutes .N：如果不定式是不及物动词，有时其后应有必要的介词。a pen to write with ; a child to look after ; exciting music to listen to 修饰的名词是time , place , way 时，其后习惯上常省略介词。This is the best way to make friends (with).We are looking for a place to lie (in).作状语：不定式作状语往往表示目的、原因、结果、比较和独立成分。表示原因、结果时，不可置于句首。 目的状语Since March 2003, many students have begun to learn about AIDS prevention and the risks of drugs to stay far away from AIDS .（可置于句首，可用in order to 或so as to 替代。）结果状语He woke up and looked out of the window to find the world outside greatly changed .N:作结果状语时，有时在不定式前加上only .He went away only to leave hes two children by themselves .原因状语这种原因状语往往跟在表示“高兴、愉快、生气、荣耀、遗憾”的形容词后面，说明之所以产生这种情感的原因。Im pleased to be invited to talk here .Im sorry to hve troubled you so much .条件状语To turn to the left , you could find a post-office .To listen to him , you should think that theres no problem whatever exists .（7） 独立成分 这种不定式独立于句子之外，表示说话者的态度、语气等，又称评论性状语。 To tell （you）the truth , we dont want to include you . Todays writers should turn a real life into a piece of literature , to be frank . 必背：常用作独立成分的不定式有： to tell you the truth ; to be honest ; to be frank ; to speak frankly ; to begin with ; to start with ; to put it briefly 3. 不定式的逻辑主语 不定式用for和of 引出逻辑主语，带有逻辑主语的不定式称为不定式的复合结构。这种复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。有些形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的特征或属性，此时要用of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语。right , wrong , wise 等既可描述事物的性质，又可描述行为的特征，这些词运用of和for引出不定式结构的逻辑主语时，意义不同。Its necessary for us to get timely help around .（不定式作主语）我们很有必要在周围及时找到帮助。We think it impossible for such heavy work to be done within so short a time .（不定式作宾语）Its really kind of you to help me so much .（不定式作主语）Its the time for the people to protect all the living things in the sea .（不定式作定语）I usually get up early in the morning in order for my children to go to school on time .（不定式作目的状语）It is wrong of you to shout at your children . 说明你总是喜欢对孩子这样，你这样做不对。It is wrong for you to shout at your children . 说明你的这种行为不对，你可能不常这样做，但这次这样做是不对的。N:一般说来这种结构作主语时，往往置后，也有放于句首的，不过这样显得很文学化。For a poor child to attend school was impossible in this place ten years ago .必背：常用of引出不定式逻辑主语的形容词有：good ; kind ; cruel ; brave ; honest ; lazy ; selfish ; unselfish ; nice ; wise ; clever ; silly ; stupid ; foolish ; right ; wrong ; rude ; polite ; impolite ; careless ; carefue .4. 和疑问连接词连用的不定式（1） 语法功能这种结构在句中相当于一个名词的作用，常在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。How to stop polluting rivers is a big problem .主I hardly know what to say before you .宾As a fresh man of society , the question is how to start work .表（2） 注意事项在英语中一些动词后跟不定式时，必须加wh-词，如show , know 等。另一些动词，如learn , teach 后也可加wh-词的不定式与不跟意思不同。不定式作介词宾语时，必须根据具体的意义加不同的wh-词（besides , except , but 等介词后，要根据情况用动语原形或动词的-ing形式。）Could you show me how to operate the computer ?My teacher gave me lots of valuable advice on how to make friends .Im now learning (how) to play the guitar .I have decided to stay for another year in China .I cant decide whom to turn to for help . 5. 省to 的不定式（1） 常用不带符号to的不定式结构。had better do sth.最好做某事（一种命令） would rather do sth .（宁愿做某事） cannot but do sth. （只好做某事） do nothing but do sth . （只好做某事）have nothing to do but do sth. 只能做某事 why do sth? 为什么做某事？why not do sth ? 为什么不做某事？（2） 省to不定式的作用不带to的不定式在句子中可以作宾语、宾补。有些动词用于主动语态后面跟的宾语补足语中，不定式不带符号to。这类动词有：see,hear,watch,notice,feel,listen to,look at,make,have,let Look at me draw the picture and then try to learn .Will you please have Tom come over this weekend ?动词help之后的不定式作宾语补足语时，to有时可省。但当主语是表示物的名词或主语不能发出不定式的动作时需要带to。I help her （to）finish her work on time . Your perfect spoken English can help to find a good job.以why开头的省略疑问名中不定式前的to一定要去掉。Why stand here in the cold ?Why not join us in the game ?6. 单独使用to的不定式为避免重复前面已出现的动词，可以用不定式符号to来代替不定式结构。在一些习惯用法中，可以保留to，也可不要to。I shall go if you wish me to .Why didnt you come at six? You were told to .-Will you join us in a walk?-Ill be glad to .If you wish / want / like （to）,I would like to treat you to tea this evening .You shouldnt come in unless asked （to）. N：be going to /be to/have to /ought to /used to 后的动词在这种情况下也可省略。Do you live here ?No,but i used to .如果不定式结构中是be或have（作“有”解），需保留be或have。Are you a taxidriver ?No , but I used to be .7. 不定式的时态与语态不定式虽没有人称和数的变化，但所表达的动作仍具有时间先后顺序、主动或被动形式。具体形式如下所示（以write为例）一般式主动式：to write被动式：to be written 进行式主动式：to be writing 完成式主动式：to have written 被动式：to have been written 完成进行式主动式：to have being written以上各时态的否定形式是在符号to前加not（1） 不定式的一般式不定式的一般式表示的动词通常与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生。She seems to know all ,which makes her lose many friends .I hope to see you next week .（2） 不定式的进行式不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词动作同时发生。Dont pretend to be working hard . Just do what you should .He seems to be thinking deeply , without noticing me overpassing him.（3） 不定式的完成式She is well known to have been to many countries , lecturing about animal protection.（4） 不定式的完成进行式如果不定式表示的不是正在进行的动作，而是在谓语动词的动作之前一直在进行的动作，则要用不定式的完成进行式。She is said to have been writing the novel about New York for years.（5） 不定式的被动形式当动词不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不般要用被动语态。不定式的被动语态一般式通常表示将来动作。The car needs to be repaired before we go on a trip to the Europe .The press conference is to be held tomorrow .不定式被动语态完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。The room seems to have been tidied up already .8. 不定式的主动形式表示被动意义不定式以主动形式表达被动意义的情况常见于以下几种情况：（1） 不定式作定语与被修饰名词构成动宾关系时。We have masses of work to do , so Im afraid we cant keep on with the talk with you right now .Have you got anything to say for yourself before you end your speech ?If you want to make even great