外文翻译--机械加工中心

附录 1 中文名称：机械加工中心 英文名称： machining center 其他名称：自动换刀数控机床 定义：能自动更换工具，对一次装夹的工件进行多工序加工的数控机床。 机械加工中心 ,简称 cnc，是由机械设备与数控系统组成的使用于加工复杂形状工件的高效率自动化机床。加工中心又叫电脑锣。加工中心备有刀库，具有自动换刀功能，是对工件一次装夹后进行多工序加工的数控机床。加工中心是高度机电一体化的产品，工件装夹后，数控系统能控制机床按不同工序自动选择、更换刀具、自动对刀、自动改变主轴转速、进 给量等，可连续完成钻、镗、铣、铰、攻丝等多种工序，因而大大减少了工件装夹时间、测量和机床调整等辅助工序时间，对加工形状比较复杂，精度要求较高，品种更换频繁的零件具有良好的经济效果。 按控制轴数可分为： （ 1）三轴加工中心 （ 2）四轴加工中心 （ 3）五轴加工中心。 项目二 机械加工中心设备技术分类 加工中心的品种、规格较多，这里仅从结构上对其作一分类。 一、立式加工中心 指主轴轴线为垂直状态设置的加工中心。其结构形式多为固定立柱式，工作台为长方形，无分度回转功能，适合加 工盘、套、板类零件。一般具有三个直线运动坐标，并可在工作台上安装一个水平轴的数控回转台，用以加工螺旋线零件。 立式加工中心装夹工件方便，便于操作，易于观察加工情况，但加工时切屑不易排除，且受立柱高度和换刀装置的限制，不能加工太高的零件。 立式加工中心的结构简单，占地面积小，价格相对较低，应用广泛。 二、卧式加工中心 指主轴轴线为水平状态设置的加工中心。通常都带有可进行分度回转运动的工作台。卧式加工中心一般都具有三个至五个运动坐标，常见的是三个直线运动坐标加一个回转运动坐标，它能够使工件在一次 装夹后完成除安装面和顶面以外的其余四个面的加工，最适合加工箱体类零件。 卧式加工中心调试程序及试切时不便观察，加工时不便监视，零件装夹和测量不方便，但加工时排屑容易，对加工有利。与立式加工中心相比，卧式加工中心的结构复杂，占地面积大，价格也较高。 三、 龙门式加工中心 龙门式加工中心的形状与龙门铣床相似，主轴多为垂直设置，除自动换刀装置外，还带有可更换的主轴附件，数控装置的功能也较齐全，能够一机多用，尤其适用于加工大型或形状复杂的零件，如飞机上的梁、框、壁板等。 我国加工中心的未来发展趋势！ 未来发展的前景确实喜人，不过吴柏林也表示，由于我国工业基础相对薄弱、以企业为主体的创新体系尚未建立、数控车床产业化时间短等原因，技术上和产业上与西方发达国家相比还存在一定差距，当前的发展还需要注意四个方面的问题。 2008 年 12 月，高档数控车床与基础制造装备科技重大专项得到国家批准。专项对高档数控车床等重大装备、数控系统、功能部件与关键部件、共性技术、创新平台建设及应用示范工程做出了部署。“今年专项将开始逐步启动实施，车床工具行业自主创新能力将进一步提高，将为国产高档数控车床持续发展奠定坚实 的技术基础。”吴柏林说。 三年前接受中国工业报记者采访时，吴柏林提出需要重视功能部件的发展，此时又被他再一次重点提出。功能部件发展滞后的状况似乎并没有太多的改观。“数控车床的发展需要高水平、专业化、规模化生产的功能部件作基础，目前我国差距很大。”据了解，大多数中高档数控车床主要配套的还是发那科和西门子等国外数控系统，刀库机械手、数控刀架、滚珠丝杠和导轨、电主轴等主要还是日本、德国或中国台湾地区的产品，用户选购国产车床时普遍提出选用境外功能部件的要求。功能部件发展的滞后性，将制约国产中高档数控车床的 发展。 吴柏林还认为，当前外商独资趋势应引起重视。近几年来，车床行业有些合资企业逐步扩资转为外商绝对控股或独资，同时又新成立一批外商独资企业，这些企业的产品以占领国内中高端市场为目标，其技术由国外母公司控制。“我们用市场换不到技术，又丧失市场，客观上压制了国内车床企业的产业升级。” 首先是新产品开发能力不足。从行业总体看，基础技术和关键技术研究还很薄弱，基础开发理论研究、基础工艺研究和应用软件开发还不能适应数控技术快速发展的要求，全行业科技人才不足，缺乏高级技术人员，科技投入和科研 设施尚不适应等。据了解，当前，国防军工生产科研和国家重大工程提出的一批高端数控车床，如超重型双龙门镗铣床等，由于车床企业开发能力不足或完成开发的周期太长而不能承接合同，一些数控专机也由于开发人员缺乏而拖延。 同时，扩大产能与未来实际需求错位也需引起重视。当前行业企业技术改造项目的产能目标过于庞大，技改项目产品的大型化、重型化趋势明显，高档数控车床制造能力和功能部件的投入显得不足。而且，车床企业自身装备的数控化率低，信息化管理水平不高，生产效率低，企业的竞争力没有得到足够的提高，“从行业整体看，是否与未来的 市场需求相符，还需要研究。 数控机床是一种高技术设备 ,它可以通过改变数控程序 ,适应不同零件的自动加工 ,而且可以采用较大的切削用量 ,利用软件进行精度校正和补偿 ,从而提高生产效率、加工精度和加工质量 ,可以实现工序集中、一机多用 ,能完成复杂型面的加工。数控机床是现代制造业的关键设备 ,一个国家的数控机床的产量和技术水平在某种程度上反映了这个国家的制造业水平和竞争力。因此数控机床是将来机床研制的重点。本文针对经济型数控立式铣床及其控制系统的设计作简要的讨论。 数控铣床是机械和电子技术相结合的产物，它的机械结 构随着电子控制技术的在铣床上的饿应用，以及铣床性能提出的新要求，而逐步变化。与不同铣床相比数控铣床用三个数控伺服系统替代了传统的机械进给系统，其外形和结构与普通铣床类似。数控铣床的设计主要是进行主运动系统与进给系统的机械结构设计和控制系统设计 通常，一个典型的数控机床进给系统，由位置比较，放大元件、驱动单元、机械传动装置和检测反馈元件等几部分组成。其中，机械传动装置是位置控制中的一个重要环节。这里所说的机械传动装置，是指将驱动源的旋转运动变为工作台的直线运动的整个机械传动链，包括齿轮装置、丝杠螺母副等中间传 动机构。 齿轮传动是应用非常广泛的一种机械传动，各种机床的传动装置中几乎都有齿轮传动。在数控机床伺服进给系统中采用齿轮传动装置的目的有两个。一是将高转速的转矩的伺服电机（如步进电机、直流和交流伺服电机等）的输出改变为低转速大转矩的执行件的输入；另一是使滚珠丝杠和工作台的转动惯量在系统中专有较小的比重。此外，对于开环系统还可以保证所要求的运动精度。 为了尽量减小齿侧间隙对数控机床加工精度的影响，经常在结构上采取措施，以减小或消除齿轮副的空程误差。如采用双片齿轮错齿法、利用偏心套调整齿轮副中心距或采用轴向 垫片调整法消除齿轮侧隙。 这里进给系统采用步进电机开环控制，由滚珠丝杠螺母副来实现 ，纵向和横向进给采用 130BF001 型步进电机驱动，经圆柱齿轮传动带动滚珠丝杠传动，通过丝杠螺母机构来实现；垂直方向进给运动由 150BF003 型步进电机驱动，经圆锥齿轮带动滚珠丝杠传动。纵向和横向齿轮可采用斜齿轮弹簧调整法来消除齿轮间隙；垂直方向的齿轮间隙可采用圆锥齿轮周向弹簧调整法来消除。 附录 2 What is the mechanical machining center? Chinese Name: Machining Center English Name: Machining Center Title: automatic tool changing definition: can automatically replace the tool, NC machining of a workpiece fixture. Machining center, referred to as CNC, is composed of mechanical equipment and CNC system for machining of complex high automation tool shape workpiece. Machining center is also called computer gongs. Machining center with knife, the knife has the function of automatic change, is the NC machining of a workpiece fixture after. Machining center is a kind of mechanical and electrical products, workpiece clamping, the CNC system can control the machine tool according to different process automatic selection, automatic tool setting, automatic tool change, change the spindle speed, feed, which can continuously complete drilling, boring, milling, tapping, reaming and many other processes, thus greatly reducing the workpiece clamping time, measuring tools and adjust the auxiliary operation time, processing more complex shapes, high precision, varieties of frequent replacement of parts with good economic effect. According to the number of control axis can be divided into: (1) three axis machining center, (2) four axis machining center (3) of five axis machining center. Many items of equipment technology of the two machining center classification processing center varieties, specifications, here only the structure makes the classification. A vertical machining center, a machining center spindle axis arranged vertically. Its structure is of a fixed column, table is rectangular, no dividing rotating function, suitable for machining disc, cover, plate parts. There are three general rectilinear motion coordinate, NC rotary table and can be installed in a horizontal axis on a workbench, used for processing spiral parts. Vertical machining center fixture workpiece convenient, easy to operate, easy to processing, but the processing chip is not easy to remove, and the height of the column and the knife changing device limitations, can not be too high parts processing. Structure of vertical machining center, covers an area of small, relatively low price, widely used. Two, horizontal machining center machining center spindle axis refers to the state level settings. Usually with a work table indexing rotary motion. Horizontal machining center has three to five moving coordinate, common is three rectilinear motion coordinate with a rotary motion coordinate, it can make parts except the mounting surface and the top surface of the remaining four face machining in a fixture to complete, the most suitable for processing box type parts. Horizontal machining center debugging and test cutting processing is inconvenient inconvenient observation, monitoring, clamps and measurement is not convenient, but when processing chip easily, the processing advantage. Compared with the vertical machining center, horizontal machining center structure complex, covering an area of large, the price is higher also. Three, Longmen Longmen machining center machining center and Longmen similar shape milling machine, spindle is arranged vertically, in addition to the automatic tool change device, but also with a spindle attachment can be replaced, NC devices function is more complete, to the use of a machine, especially suitable for processing large or complex shape parts, as the plane beam, frame, panels etc. Future development trend of Chinas processing center! Future is indeed gratifying, but Wu Bailin also said that, due to Chinas relatively weak industrial base, with enterprises as the mainstay of the innovation system has not been established, CNC lathe industry in short time and other reasons, the technology and the industry compared with the western developed countries still have a certain gap, the current development also need to pay attention to four aspects the problem. In 2008 December, major projects lathe and basic manufacturing equipment and technology approved by the national high-end cnc. Special made the deployment of high-grade CNC lathes and other major equipment, CNC system, functional components and key parts, common technology, innovation platform construction and application demonstration project. Special will be started this year gradually started, the ability of independent innovation lathe tool industry will be further enhanced, will lay a solid technical foundation for the sustainable development of domestic high-end CNC lathe. Wu Bailin said. Accept China industrial daily news reporter interviewed three years ago, Wu Bailin put forward the need to attach importance to the development of functional components, then he again put forward. Functional components development lags behind the situation does not seem too much. The development of numerical control lathe to feature high level, specialized, large-scale production base, at present our country difference. It is understood, the majority of high-grade CNC lathe main supporting or FANUC and Siemens abroad NC system, the knife manipulator, CNC turret, ball screw and guide rail, spindle, mainly Japan, Germany or Chinese Taiwan products, generally the foreign function parts require users to buy domestic lathe. Hysteresis function components development, to restrict the development of domestic high-end CNC lathe. Wu Bailin also believes that the current foreign investment trend, attention should be paid to. In recent years, lathe industry some joint ventures are gradually expanding to foreign capital holding or sole proprietorship, and at the same time, the newly established a number of wholly foreign-owned enterprises, the products of these enterprises to occupy the domestic high-end market as the goal, the technology is controlled by the foreign parent company. We use market for less than the technology, the loss of market, objectively to suppress the domestic lathe industrial upgrading of enterprises. The first is the lack of the ability of new product development. From the industry overall look, the technology and the key technology is still very weak foundation, foundation for the development of theoretical research, basic technology research and application of software development can not meet the requirements of the rapid development of NC technology, science and technology talents in all industries, the lack of senior technical personnel, investment in science and technology and research facilities are not adapt. It is understood, at present, national defense scientific research and production of major national projects proposed a number of high-end CNC lathe, such as super heavy double gantry boring and milling machine, lathe enterprises due to the periodic development ability is insufficient or completion of the development is too long and can not accept the contract, some special NC machine because developers lack of delay. At the same time, the expansion of production capacity and actual future demand mismatches also need to pay attention. The current industry enterprise technical transformation project of the production target is too large, large, heavy trends of technological transformation project products obviously, high-end CNC lathe manufacturing capacity and functional components of the input is insufficient. Moreover, the rate of NC lathe enterprises its equipment is low, the information management level is not high, the production efficiency is low, the competitiveness of enterprises has not been enough to raise, look from the whole industry, in line with the future market demand, but also need to study NC machine tool is a kind of high technology equipment, it can change the NC program, adapt to the automatic processing of different parts, but also can use a larger amount of precision cutting, correction and compensation for the use of the software, so as to improve the production efficiency, machining precision and machining quality, can realize the process using concentrated, a machine, can complete the machining of complex surface. NC machine tool is the key equipment of modern manufacturing, numerical control machine tool of a countrys production and technical level reflects the level of manufacturing industry and competitiveness of the country in a certain extent. Therefore NC machine tool is the key tool for the future. According to the design of the economical CNC vertical milling machine and its control system are briefly discussed. CNC milling machine products, machinery and electronic technology combined, the mechanical structure of the electronic control technology in milling hungry applications, as well as the new requirements proposed by performance, and gradually change. Compared with different milling machine CNC milling machine to replace the traditional mechanical feed system with three CNC servo system, its shape and structure and the ordinary milling machine similar. Design of NC milling machine is mainly the design of mechanical structure design and control system of the main motion system and feed system Usually, a typical NC machine tool feed system, the position is, the amplification element, a driving unit, a mechanical driving device and a feedback element and other parts. Among them, the mechanical driving device is an important link in the position control. The mechanical transmission device here, refers to the entire mechanical transmission chain rotational movement of the driving source into linear motion worktable, including gears, lead screw intermediate transmission mechanism. Gear is a mechanical transmission is widely used, almost all transmission devices of various machine in