论文主体段写作技巧.doc

论文主体段写作技巧 在应试型（雅思或新托福等）议论文写作中，通常遵循introduction-body-conclusion（引言段-主体段-结论段）的三步曲。Body（主体）段落提供了论证观点的理由，是整个文章的主体，在评分中占有很大的比重。例如一篇满分的雅思作文（9分）必须presentsafullydevelopedpositioninanswertothequestionwithrelevant,fullyextendedandwellsupportedideas。这里的fullyextended/wellsupported，必须通过主体段来体现。新托福的满分作文（5分）也要求iswellorganizedandwelldeveloped,usingclearlyappropriateexplanations,exemplifications,and/ordetails，同样必须通过主体段落发展来实现。 一般来说，一篇议论文必须包含至少两个主体段。每个主体段都必须有明确的主题句topicsentence和若干支持句supportingsentences。他们共同组成文章的理由段，对全文的论点提供理由支持。建议初学者在练习议论文写作时，必须遵循理由段发展的几个简单原则，这对迅速完成理由段、构建连贯和理由充分的议论文大有帮助。这几个简单原则包括： 1.Writeatopicsentenceforeachparagraphyouplantowrite.Eachtopicsentenceshouldrelatetoyourthesisstatementandintroducewhattheparagraphwillbeabout.Ifyoufindthatthetopicsyouwanttodiscussdonotsupportthethesisstatementyouhavewritten,reviseyourthesisstatementorreconsideryourtopicsentences. （每个主体段都必须有一个明确的主题句） 2.Writeideasthatsupportyourtopicsentences.Thetopicsentenceforeachparagraphtellsthereaderwhattheparagraphwillbeabout.Theideasstatedintherestoftheparagraphshouldallrelatetothetopicsentence. （支持句必须围绕主题句展开） 根据第2条的原则，我们来看看下面这个主体段： Hobbiesareimportantformanyreasons.First,ahobbycanbeeducational.Forexample,ifthehobbyisstampcollecting,thepersoncanlearnaboutthecountriesoftheworldandevensomeoftheirhistory.Second,engaginginahobbycanleadtomeetingotherpeoplewiththesameinterests.Apersoncanalsomeetotherpeoplebygoingtotheschool.Third,apersonsfreetimeisbeingusedinapositiveway.Thepersonhasnotimetobeboredorgetintomischiefwhileengagedinthehobby.Finally,somehobbiescanleadtoafuturejob.Apersonwhoenjoysahobby-relatedjobismoresatisfiedwithlife. 这段话的topicsentence很明显-Hobbiesareimportantformanyreasons，之后的支持句从三方面阐述hobby的重要性（first,second,third），但段中这句话Apersoncanalsomeetotherpeoplebygoingtheschool与hobby重要的原因没有关系，因此削弱了整个段落的连贯性与统一性，应该被去掉。 3.Adddetails.Towriteamorefullydevelopedparagraph,youneedtoadddetailstoyoursupportingideas.Yourdetailscanbefacts,examples,personalexperiences,ordescriptions. （需要用多种方式提供细节展开段落） 根据第3条的原则，我们来看下面这个段落： TheSmithsonianInstitutionisworthvisitingforanumberofreasons.TheSmithsonianInstitutionprisesvariousmuseumsthatoffersomethingforeveryone.ThesemuseumsincludetheNationalMuseumofHistoryandTechnology,theNationalAeronauticsandSpaceMuseum,theNationalCollectionofFineArts,theNationalMuseumofNaturalHistory,andseveralothers.Apersoncandomorethanjustlookattheexhibits.Forexample,intheinsectzooattheNationalMuseumofNaturalHistory,anyonewhosodesirescanhandlesomeoftheexhibits.Themuseumsprovideunforgettableexperiences.InclimbingthroughtheSkylabexhibitattheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceMuseum,Iwasabletoimaginewhatitwouldbeliketobeanastronautinspace.Moviesshownatregularintervalsaidinbuildinganappreciationofourworld.IntheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceMuseum,thereisatheaterthathasalargescreen.Whenthemovieisshown,itgivestheviewerthefeelingthatheorsheisinthemovieitself,eitherfloatingabovetheEarthinahot-airballoonorhangglidingovercliffs. 这是一个成功的主题段，请注意这段话段落细节展开的几种形式-提供事实、举例、个人经历和描述。我们把这个段落拆分后进行分析： Topicsentence（主题句） TheSmithsonianInstitutionisworthvisitingforanumberofreasons. Supportingidea1（支持理由1） TheSmithsonianInstitutionprisesvariousmuseumsthatoffersomethingforeveryone. Detailsfacts（细节展开-提供事实） ThesemuseumsincludetheNationalMuseumofHistoryandTechnology,theNationalAeronauticsandSpaceMuseum,theNationalCollectionofFineArts,theNationalMuseumofNaturalHistory,andseveralothers. Supportingidea2（支持理由2） Apersoncandomorethanjustlookattheexhibits. Detailsexamples（细节展开-举例） Forexample,intheinsectzooattheNationalMuseumofNaturalHistory,anyonewhosodesirescanhandlesomeoftheexhibits. Supportingidea3（支持理由3） Themuseumsprovideunforgettableexperiences. Detailspersonalexperience（细节展开-个人经历） InclimbingthroughtheSkylabexhibitattheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceMuseum,Iwasabletoimaginewhatitwouldbeliketobeanastronautinspace. Supportingidea4（支持理由4） Moviesshownatregularintervalsaidinbuildinganappreciationofourworld. Detailsdescription（细节展开-描述） IntheNational