英语语法虚拟语气整理.docx

虚拟语气虚拟语气用来表示假想，而不表示客观存在的事实，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气三类。虚拟语气表示说话者所说的话并非事实，或难以实现的，甚至表达相反的概念。另外表示主观愿望或表达某种强烈的感情时，也用虚拟语气。条件状语1、表示与事实相反的情况从句：If+主语+过去时(Be动词用were)主句：主语+ should/would/might/could+do：If I were you,I would take an umbrella.如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不可能是你）2、表示与过去事实相反的情况从句：If+主语+had+done主句：主语+should/would/might/could+have doneIf I had got there earlier, I should/would have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。（事实：去晚了）3、表示对将来情况的主观推测从句：if+主语+were to do （if 表示未来的虚拟语气独有形式，其他如wish， even if等词都没有该形式来表示未来的虚拟语气）if+主语+should+doif+主语+过去式（be动词用were）主句：主语+should/would/might/could+doIf he should come here tomorrow, I would talk to him.如果他明天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。（事实：来的可能性很小，不可能）If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would go skating.如果下周日下大雪，我们就去滑冰。（事实：下雪可能性很小，不可能）4、 有时，虚拟条件句中，结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。这种条件句叫错综条件句。从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与正在发生的事实不符。If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too.如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了If they had informed us, we would not come here now.如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing.如果他今天有空的话，我们就已经派他去北京了。5、当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即把were, should, had等词置于句首，并且需要倒装。Should he agree to go there, we would send him there.Were she here, she would agree with us.Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here.【注】 若条件从句为否定句，否定词not应置于主语之后，而不能与were, should, had等缩略成Werent, Shouldnt, Hadnt而置于句首。 有时省略if后提前的had不是助动词：Had I time, I would come. 假若我有时间，我会来的。(=If I had time)6、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句，在多数情况下，条件会暗含在短语中，如without，but for（要不是因为.）等But for his help, we would be working now.Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress.We didnt know his telephone number, otherwise we would have telephoned him.7、 有时，虚拟条件语气的从句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。省略从句He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。You could have passed this exam. 你本能通过这次考试的。省略主句If I were at home now. 要是我现 在在家里该多好啊。If only I had got it. 我要是得到它了该多好啊。目的状语1、 在for fear that,in case,lest引导的从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为：（should） + do。并且should能省略（for fear that，lest），in case不能省略。She examined the door again for fear that a thief (should) come in.2、 在so that / in order that 所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为：can / could / may / might / will / would / should + do。He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word.宾语从句I wish后的宾语从句动词wish后接宾语从句时，从句谓语要用虚拟语气。若要表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时(同样be动词换成were)；若表示与过去相反的愿望，从句谓语用would / could+have +过去分词或者过去完成时had done(注意这里的情态动词不能用should)；若表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would (could)+动词原形。注意如果将wish改为过去式wished, 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变。其他1、一想要(desire) 一宁愿(prefer) 一坚持(insist)二命令(order , command) 三建议(advise , suggest , propose/recommend) 四要求(demand , require , request , ask)中，无论主句谓语动词为何种时态，从句的谓语动词都用：should + do。should可以省略。eg：He suggested that we (should) take the teachers advice.He insisted that we (should) take the teachers advice.insist意为“坚持某种动作”才用虚拟语气；意为“坚持某种观点，某个事实”则不用虚拟语气。He insists he is a student.他坚持说他是个学生。suggest意为“建议”才用虚拟语气，意为“暗示”则不用虚拟语气。His face suggests that he looks worried .他的表情暗含着他很担心。2、表情绪.观点的形容词或名词也要用虚拟语气.如：necessary、important、impossible、natural、strange、surprising、funny、right、wrong、better、a pity ,the shame ,no wonder等。句型：It is.that +主语从句，从句的谓语动词常用should+原形且should的省略要看情况而定。Do you think it is necessary that he (should)not be sent to Lingbao.（should表示“建议”的语气，可省。）It is strange that such a person should be our friend.（should表示“竟然”的语气，不可省。）奇怪的是这样一个人会成为我们的朋友。3、 在even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中用may/might+动词原形，may/might可以省略，表示与现 在相反的情况；从句用过去式，表示与过去相反的情况，类似的词有though/even though/whatever/however/so long as; 主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do.即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。（事实：他没来）4、 在whatever，whichever，whenever，whoever,，wherever，however,，no matter wh-等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为：指现在或将来：may +do。We will finish it on time no matter what may happen.不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。指过去：may +have done。You mustnt be proud whatever great progress you may have made.不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲。5、一般would rather, had rather, would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：过去 had + done现在过去时(be用were )将来 过去时(be 用were ) （would rather将来情况用一般过去时）6、虚拟语气还可用在定语从句中，表示：“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ should + do（should不可省略）（优先使用动词过去式），即从句用虚拟过去式。It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school.7、 简单句中的虚拟语气（1） 说话时，为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌，言语常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为：would / could / might / should +do。Would you mind my shutting the door?I should agree with you.我本该同意你的观点。（委婉的不同意）（2）表示“祝愿”时，常用may +主语+ do。May you have a goo