2017北外英语翻译硕士口笔译MTI考研：常见英语修辞手法.pdf

1 2017 北外因故翻译硕士口笔译北外因故翻译硕士口笔译 MTI 考研 考研 常见英语修辞手法常见英语修辞手法 1 Simile 明喻 明喻 It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic 特 性 in common To make the comparison words like as as as as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other 明喻 simile 是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现 象进行对比 表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系 两者都在对比中出现 常用比喻 词 like as as if as though 等 For example As cold waters to a thirsty soul so is good news from a far country This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see 2 Metaphor 暗喻 暗喻 It is like a simile also makes a comparison between two unlike elements but unlike a simile this comparison is implied rather than stated 隐喻 metaphor 这种比喻不 通过比喻词进行 而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写 甲乙两事物之 间的联系和相似之处是暗含的 For example the world is a stage The diamond department was the heart and center of the store 3 Analogy 类比 类比 It is also a form of comparison but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance 4 Personification 拟人 拟人 It gives human form of feelings to animals or life and personal attributes 赋予 to inanimate 无生命的 objects or to ideas and abstractions 抽象 拟人 personification 这种修辞方法是把人类的特点 特性加于外界事物之上 使之人格化 以物 拟人 以达到彼此交融 合二为一 1 She may have tens of thousand of babies in one summer From Watching Ants 一个夏天她可能生育成千上万个孩子 这 里用 she 和 babies 把蜜蜂比作人类妇女的生育 For example the wind whistled through the trees 5 Hyperbole 夸张 夸张 2 It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis 夸张 hyperbole 这是运用丰富的想象 过激的言词 渲染和装饰客观事物 以达到 强调的效果 1 My blood froze 我的血液都凝固了 For instance he almost died laughing 6 Understatement 含蓄陈述 含蓄陈述 It is the opposite of hyperbole or overstatement It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately 故意地 understating it impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement For instance It is no laughing matter 7 Euphemism 委婉 委婉 It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive 无冒犯 expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant For instance we refer to die as pass away 8 Metonymy 转喻 转喻 It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another For instance the pen words is mightier than the sword forces 借代 metonymy 是指两种不同事物并不相似 但又密不可分 因而常用其中 一种事物名称代替另一种 1 Several years later word came that Napoleonyh himself was coming to inspect them 几年以后 他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们 word 在这里代替了 news information 消息 信息 2 Al spoke with his eyes yes 艾尔用眼睛说 是的 说 应该是嘴的功能 这里实际上是用眼神表达了 说话的意思 9 Synecdoche 提喻 提喻 It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole or the whole for the part 提 喻 synecdoche 又称举隅法 主要特点是局部代表全体 或以全体喻指部分 或以抽象代具体 或以具体代抽象 3 1 The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth but of the flesh and blood of millions of men 长城不仅是用石头和土建造的 而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成 的 句中的 the flesh and blood 喻为 the great sacrifice 巨大的牺牲 For instance they say there s bread and work for all She was dressed in silks 10 Antonomasia 换喻 换喻 It has also to do with substitution It is not often mentioned now though it is still in frequent use For example Solomon for a wise man Daniel for a wise and fair judge Judas for a traitor 11 Pun 双关语 双关语 It is a play on words or rather a play on the form and meaning of words 双关语 pun 是以一个词或词组 用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来 以取得一种诙谐有趣的效果 Napoleon was astonished Either you are mad or I am he declared Both sir cried the Swede proudly Both 一词一语双关 既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子 又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役 For instance a cannon ball took off his legs so he laid down his arms Here arms has two meanings a person s body weapons carried by a soldier Napoleon was astonished Either you are mad or I am he declared Both sir cried the Swede proudly Both 一词一语双 关 既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子 又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战 役 12 Syllepsis 一语双叙 一语双叙 It has two connotations In the first case it is a figure by which a word or a particular form or inflection of a word refers to two or more words in the same sentence while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax 句法 For example He addressed you and me and desired us to follow him Here us is used to refer to you and me In the second case it a word may refer to two or more words in the same 4 sentence For example while he was fighting and losing limb and mind and dying others stayed behind to pursue education and career Here to losing one s limbs in literal to lose one s mind is figurative and means to go mad 13 Zeugma 轭式搭配 轭式搭配 It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence wither properly applying in sense to only one of them or applying to them in different senses For example The sun shall not burn you by day nor the moon by night Here noon is not strong enough to burn 14 Irony 反语 反语 It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense 反语 irony 是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义 从而达到使本义更加幽 默 更加讽刺的效果 Well of course I knew that gentlemen like you carry only large notes 啊 当然 我知道像你这样的先生只带大票子 店员这句话意在讽刺这位穿破 衣的顾客 像你这样的人怎么会有大票子呢 名为 gentlemen 实则 beggar 而已 For instance we are lucky what you said makes me feel real good 15 Innuendo 暗讽 暗讽 It is a mild form of irony hinting in a rather roundabout 曲折 way at something disparaging 不一致 or uncomplimentary 不赞美 to the person or subject mentioned For example the weatherman said it would be worm He must take his readings in a bathroom 16 Sarcasm 讽刺 讽刺 It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner and its aim is to disparage ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked For example laws are like cobwebs which may catch small flies but let wasps break through 17 Paradox 似非而是的隽语 似非而是的隽语 5 It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self contradictory absurd or contrary to established fact or practice but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true well founded and even to contain a succinct point For example more haste less speed 18 Oxymoron 矛盾修饰 矛盾修饰 It is a compressed paradox formed by the conjoining 结合 of two contrasting contradictory or incongruous 不协调 terms as in bitter sweet memories orderly chaos 混乱 and proud humility 侮辱 19 Antithesis 对照 对照 It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis For example speech is silver silence is golden 20 Epigram 警句 警句 It states a simple truth pithily 有利地 and pungently 强烈地 It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling For instance Few save the poor feel for the poor 21 Climax 渐进 渐进 It is derived from the Greek word for ladder and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly For example I came I saw I conquered 22 Anti climax or bathos 突降 突降 It is the opposite of Climax It involves stating one s thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity from strong to weak from weighty to light or frivolous For instance But thousands die without or this or that die and endow 赋予 a college or a cat 23 Apostrophe 顿呼 顿呼 In this figure of speech a thing place idea or person dead or absent is addressed as if present listening and understanding what is being said For instance England awake awake awake 24 Transferred Epithet 转类形容词 转类形容词 6 It is a figure of speech where an epithet an adjective or descriptive phrase is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify 修饰 to another to which it does not really apply or belong For instance I spent sleepless nights on my project 25 Alliteration 头韵 头韵 It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals 间隔 and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound it is also called front rhyme For instance the fair breeze blew the white foam flew the furrow followed free 头韵法 alliteration 在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组 其开头的音节有同 样的字母或声音 以增 强语言的节奏感 How and why he had come to Princeton New Jersey is a story of struggle success and sadness 26 Onomatopoeia 拟声 拟声 It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object animate or inanimate or which are associated with or suggestive 提示的 of some action or movement 拟声 onomatcpocia 是摹仿自然界中非语言的声音 其发音和所描 写的事物的声音很相似 使语言显得生动 富有表现力 1 On the root of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing 在学校房屋的屋顶上一些鸽子正轻轻地咕咕叫着 2 She brought me into touch with everything that could be reached or felt sunlight the rustling of silk the noises of insects the creaking of a door the voice of a loved one 她使我接触到所有够得着的或者感觉得到的东西 如阳光呀 丝绸摆动时的沙沙 声呀 昆虫的叫声呀