环境科学概论教学课件(第五讲).ppt

1 CHAPTERFIVEEnergyandCivilization PatternsofConsumption Oct 2010 Advocateakindofcivilizedlifestyle lowcarbonlifestyle 2 OBJECTIVESAfterreadingthischapter youshouldbeableto Explainwhyallorganismsrequireaconstantinputofenergy Describehowpercapitaenergyconsumptionincreasedascivilizationdevelopedfromhuntingandgatheringtoprimitiveagriculturetoadvancedcultures Describehowadvancedmoderncivilizationsdevelopedasnewfuelswereusedtorunmachines CorrelatetheIndustrialRevolutionwithsocialandeconomicchanges Explainhowcheapoilandnaturalgasledtoaconsumption orientedsociety Explainhowtheautomobilechangedpeople slifestyles 3 EveryformoflifeandallsocietiesrequireaconstantinputofenergyIftheflowofenergythroughorganismsorsocietiesceases theystopfunctioningandbegintodisintegrate Truthofnatureandhumansociety 4 HistoryOfEnergyConsumption BiologicalEnergySourcesOriginofenergysource sunlight photosynthesis producer Plantalga 5 Kindofbiologicalenergysources wood oil coal naturalgas 6 Domesticatedanimalsfurnishedfortransportation Animalpower Usesofbiologicalenergy 7 Animalpower cavalry 8 Wooduseforcooking 9 farming 10 HistoryOfEnergyConsumptionIncluding cooking transportation fightandfarming terra cottawarrior corewood donkeycart farmcattle 11 Increaseduseofwood Inearlycivilization Theenergyprovidedbywoodenabledpeopletocooktheirfood heattheirdwellings anddevelopaprimitiveformofmetallurgy Suchadvancesseparatedhumansfromotheranimals 12 Desertedmountain Whendensepopulationsofhumansmadeheavyuseofwoodforfuelandbuildingmaterials theyeventuallyusedupthereadilyavailablesources Becauseofalonghistoryofhighpopulationdensity someancientcountryexperiencedawoodshortage China India 13 Fossilfuelsandindustrialrevolution Fossilfuels remainsoforganismsthatlivedmillionsofyearsago storedsunlight includingcoal oil naturalgas 14 Fossilfuels coal oil naturalgas 15 Historically thefirstfossilfueltobeusedextensivelywascoal Intheearlyeighteenthcentury regionsoftheworldthathadreadilyavailablecoaldepositswereabletoswitchtothisnewfuelandparticipateinamajorculturalchangeknownastheIndustrialRevolution TheIndustrialRevolutionbeganinEnglandandspreadtomuchofEuropeandNorthAmerica Itinvolvedtheinventionofmachinesthatreplacedhumanandanimallaborinmanufacturingandtransportinggoods Centraltothischangewastheinventionofthesteamengine whichcouldconvertheatenergyintotheenergyofmotion Thesourceofenergyforsteamengineswaseitherwoodorcoal woodwasquicklyreplacedbycoalinmostcases Nationswithoutasourceofcoal orthosepossessingcoalreservesthatwerenoteasilyexploited didnotparticipateintheIndustrialRevolution IndustrialRevolution 16 Watt sinvention Watt Steamengine Train 17 Theroleoftheautomobile Theinventionoftheautomobiledrasticallyincreasedthedemandforoilproducts Wecker Modernautomobile 18 automobile Demandmoreoil Promotethedevelopmentofindustry Theroleoftheautomobile Createnewjobs Alterlifestyle 19 Howenergyisused Theamountofenergyconsumedbycountriesofworldvarieswidely 20 Residentialandcommercialenergyuse Theamountofenergyrequiredforresidentialandcommercialusevariesgreatlythroughouttheworld about30percentoftheenergyusedinNorthAmerica90percentoftheenergyinIndia homeappliances lighting cooking automobile 21 Industrialenergyuse Theamountofenergycountriesuseforindustrialprocessesvariesconsiderably Non industrialcountriesuselittleenergyforindustry Countriesthataredevelopingnewindustriesdedicateahighpercentageoftheirenergyusetothem 22 Industrialenergyuse IndustrialenergyuseinChina 23 Transportationenergyuse Aswithresidential commercial andindustrialuses theamountofenergyusedfortransportationvarieswidelythroughouttheworld Insomeoftheless developednations transportationusesareverysmall Percapitaenergyusefortransportationislargerindevelopingcountries andhighestinhighlydevelopedcountries TransportationenergyuseinChina 24 Theeconomicsandpoliticsofenergyuse Adirectlinkexistsbetweeneconomicgrowthandtheavailabilityofinexpensiveenergy ThereplacementofhumanandanimalenergywithfossilfuelsbeganwiththeIndustrialRevolutionandwasgreatlyacceleratedbythesupplyofcheap easy to handle andhighlyefficientfuels Becauseoflinkbetweenenergyandproductivity mostindustrialsocietieswanttoensureacontinuoussupplyofaffordableenergy Theemphasisonlow pricedfuelshasencouragedhighratesofconsumption 25 Energyconsumptiontrends Growthsinenergyuse Overhalfofworldenergyisconsumedbythe25countriesthataremembersoftheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment OECD Thesecountries Australia NewZealand Japan Canada Mexico theUnitedStates andthecountriesofEurope arethedevelopednationsoftheworld 26 Availableenergysources 27 Politicalandeconomicfactors Overthepastseveralyears worldoilpriceshavebeenextremelyvolatile In1999 consumersbenefitedfromoilpricesthatfellto 10perbarrel butin2000 worldoilpricesreboundedstrongly Theindustrializedworldwasimpactedbythehighworldoilprices ThewarinIraqbeganinMarch2003 leadingtoanimmediateincreaseinthepriceofoilthatcontinuedthrough2004 28 SummaryAconstantsupplyofenergyisrequiredbyalllivingthings Energyhasamajorinfluenceonsociety Adirectcorrelationexistsbetweentheamountofenergyusedandthecomplexityofcivilizations Woodfurnishedmostoftheenergyandconstructionmaterialsforearlycivilizations Heavyuseofwoodindenselypopulatedareaseventuallyresultedinshortages sofossilfuelsreplacedwoodasaprimesourceofenergy Fossilfuelswereformedfromtheremainsofplants animals andmicroorganismsthatlivedabout300millionyearsago Fossil fuelconsumptioninconjunctionwiththeinventionoflabor savingmachinesresultedintheIndustrialRevolution whichledtothedevelopmentoftechnology orientedsocietiestodayin