最全雅思单词记忆法.doc

英语构词法与雅思阅读超高频词汇 1、 英语词汇的构词法(word formation)构词法（一） 英语词的构成有一定的规律，这种规律称为构词法。掌握构词法对在文本中，理解、猜测新词、难词、怪词的词义有很大的帮助。在扩展词汇量的过程中，能起到“倍增器”的效果。常见的构词法有：转化法、合成法、派生法、截头法、去尾法、混成法等。在应用中，以前三种方法是用最广泛。 1、转化法 (conversion ) 转化就是在词形不变的情况下，一个单词有一种词性转换为另一种词性。转换后的词义一般与原意有密切关系，但有时差异很大。对于双音节词转换后，读音也常常发变化。转化法一般有如下几种情况： 动词转名词 Look v. 看 n. 相貌 名词转动词 Air n. 空气 v. 通风 形容词转动词 Empty a. 空的 v. 倒空 形容词转名词 Right a. 右边的 n. 右侧、 权利 形容词转副词 Long a.长的 ad. 长地 2、合成法 （compounding） 合成法就是将两个或两个以上的词合成的一个新词。合成词各个成分之间有的要用连字符连接，有的直接连在一起。 合成名词 Weekend(周末) software（软件）network（网络） 合成形容词 Large-scale（大规模的） face-to-face（面对面的） sugar-free（无糖的） 合成动词 Overthrow（推翻） heat-treat（热加工）undergo（经历） 3、 派生法 ( derivation ) 派生法是在一个词根的前面或后面加上某个词缀来产生新词。加在前面的叫前缀，加在后面的词缀叫做后缀。 前缀多引起词义的变化而不改变词性。后缀对词性、词义都可能有影响。 例如： dis agree ment （不同意 n .）前缀 词根 后缀 4、截短法(缩略法) (shortening) 截短法，即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。 截头 telephonephone aeroplaneplane omnibusbus 去尾 mathematicsmaths co-operateco-op examinationexam kilogramkilo laboratorylab taxicabtaxi 截头去尾 influenzaflu refrigeratorfridgeprescriptionscript 5、混合法(混成法)(blending) 混合法，即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体；前半部分表示属性。 news broadcastnewscast新闻广播 television broadcasttelecast电视播送 smoke and fogsmog烟雾 helicopter airportheliport直升飞机场 6、首尾字母缩略法 (abbreviation) 首尾字母缩略法，即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音；作为一个单词读音。 very important personVIP (读字母音)要人；大人物 televisionTV (读字母音)电视Testing of English as a Foreign LanguageTOEFL托福 （二）基础过关 1. There were _fish in the river in South America. A. in danger B. danger C. dangerous D. dangerless 答案：C 解析：空白为表语，需填如形容词，D项单词不存在，故选C 2. The letter “b” in the word “doubt” is_. A. sound B. silent C. silence D. sounded 答案：D 解析：空白为表语，需填入形容词。D与句意不符，故选C 3. The child looked at me_. A. stranger B. strangely C. strange D. strangeless 答案：B 解析：空白为状语，需填入副词。 4.The black people were against slavery and fought for their _ bravely. A. free B. freely C. freedom D. frees 答案：B 解析：空白处为修饰Bravely的副词，故选B。 5. What you said sounded_ but in fact it was untrue. A. reasonable B. reasonful C. reasonless D. unreason 答案：A 解析：A项为有道理的，符合句意。 6. Stephenson became the _ railway engineer in the world. A. lead B. leader C. leading D. leadership 答案：C 解析：空白处为定语修饰railway engineer，需用形容词。故选C。 7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem，Jack looked _about at his classmates. A. proud B. proudly C. pride D. pridely 答案：B 解析：-ly为副词结尾，D项不存在。 8.To everyones _，the girl finished the job quite well. A. satisfied B. satisfactory C. satisfying D. satisfaction 答案：D 解析：空白在所有格后，应为名词，故选D。 9. No one should enter the spot without the_of the police. A. permit B. permission C. permitting D. permittance 答案：B 解析：B项为许可的名词形式，符合句意。 10. The necklace that she lost is very expensive. Its of great _. A. valuable B. valueC. valueless D. unvaluable 答案：B 解析：of结构后需加名词。A、C、D均不为名词。选B。 （三）能力提高 1. We have to learn _technology from other countries. A. advance B. advancing C. advantage D. advanced 解析：空白处为定语，修饰technology，技术是被先进的，故用-ed，选D。 2. The children live in a village _.They come here almost every day. A. nearby B. near C. nearly D. near by 答案：A 解析：空白为状语,C项词义是接近,而不是附近,故选A。 3.Mr Black is an _in the army，not an _in the government. You can not easily find him in his_. A. official；officer；office B. officer；office；official C. official；official；official D. officer；official；office 答案：B 解析：三个空白分别应填入军官、官员、办公室。故选B。 4.Youd better give up smoking if you want to keep _. A. health B. healthy C. healthily D. healthier 答案：C 解析：空白处为表语，应填入形容词，又没有比较，故用原级，选C。 5._ speaking，I didnt do it on purpose. A. Honestly B. Honest C. Honesty D. Dishonest 答案：A 解析：空白为状语，应填入副词，选A。 6. The _ordered him to pay a $100 fine. A. judger B. judgment C. judge D. judgement 答案：C 解析：judge为法官的意思，A项不存在，故选C。 7. My TV is out of order. Can you tell me what is the _news about Iraq War? A. lately B. latest C. later D. latter 答案：B 解析：B项表示最新的，其余词义与句意不符。 8.To my _，I passed the exam easily. A. joy B. joyful C. joyless D. jolly 答案：A解析：所有格后应接名词，B、C、D均不是名词，故选A。构词法(二） 常见前后缀： 1前缀 词缀分为前缀和后缀两种。在大多数情况下，前缀往往改变词根的词义，而后缀更多改变的是原词根的词性。 具有否定意义（表示对词根反向的概念，另外包括外向概念、下概念、过度或不足概念等）的前缀有： ab - abuse滥用 abnormal 不正常的 anti- antiwar反战的 antitank反坦克的 antibody contra- contra-missile反导弹的 contradict矛盾的 counter- counterrevolution反革命 counterattack反击 de- demobilize复员 deforest砍伐森林 devalue 贬值 dis- dislike厌恶 dishonest不诚实的 disability无能 in- incorrect inactive inconvenient indirect il- illegal im- impossible improper impolite mal- maltreat虐待 malnutrition营养不良 malfunction功能失调 mis- mistake错误 mistrust不信任 mistrust non- nonsmoker不抽烟的人 nonsense nonstop out- outnumber在数量上超过 over- overuse使用过度 overlook俯视；忽视 overthrow推翻 re- replace reuse retell sub- subway地铁 subhead副标题 super- superpower超级大国 supersensitive过度敏感 un- unreal虚假的 unconditional无条件的 unjust不公正的 vice- vice-president副总统 vice- chairman副主席 具有时间意义的前缀有： pre - preread preview prehistory史前 post- postwar postreading 具有地点、方向意义（包括上下、前后、来回、内外）的前缀有： ab- (away from) abnormal abuse ex- export出口 exclude排除 ex-soldier退伍军人 extra- extracurricular课外的 extraordinary格外的 fore- forehead前额 foreground前景 im- import进口 immigrate inter- interfere干涉 internet互联网 interactive互动 over- overtake oversleep sub- subway地铁 submarine海面以下的 super- superstructure上层建筑 trans- transatlantic横越大西洋的transport运输 under- underground地下的 underwear内衣 ultra- ultraviolet紫外线 具有数量意义的有： mono- monoxide一氧化物 monotone单调 pan- Pan- American泛美的 bi- bilingual双语的 bicycle bimonthly di- dialogue dioxide hemi- hemisphere semi- semicircle半圆 tri- triangle三角形 penta- pentagon五角形 kilo- kilogram kilowatt milli- milligram millimetre micro- Microsoft microscope microwave mini- minibus miniskirt multi- multiparty多党的 co- cooperation coworker coauthor coexist 2后缀 最常见的形容词后缀有： -(a)ble : readable drinkable applicable valuable - al: personal national practical global -(i)cal : typical biological -an American European -ian : Egyptian Canadian (名词和形容词同形) - ar similar solar -en: wooden golden -ern : eastern western -ese : Chinese Japanese（名词和形容词同形） -ful : useful skillful eventful successful -ic : atomic historic -istic : artistic realistic -tic : dramatic romantic -ish : childish reddish English i(ti)ve : sensitive primitive protective productive - less : homeless useless - like : childlike manlike -ly: friendlycostly daily -ent : insistent different -(i)ous : righteous正直的 anxious焦急的 curious好奇的 dangerous -proof: fireproof bombproof -some: troublesome lonesome -ward : downward seaward awkard- y : rainy rosy sleepy angry 最常见的名词后缀有： 表示具体的人的后缀： -er: prisoner gardener lawyer stranger -or: visitor actor operator inventor -ar: scholar liar beggar -eer: engineer mountaineer -ent: resident -ess: princess hostess goddess waitress actress -ian: musician physician -ist: scientist novelist specialist activist -ant: assistant servant accountant -ee: employee trainee examinee-zen: citizen netizen 表示抽象的动作情况的后缀： 最常见的动词后缀有： -ate：differentiate activate -en： sharpen darken strengthen fasten broaden threaten brighten weaken en-: enlarge enable encourage enjoy -fy： simplify beautify classify-ise(-ize)：criticize fertilize modernize realize （二）基础过关 1. That man was _enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job. A. care B. careful C. careless D. carelessness 答案：C 解析：空格处为表语，应填入形容词。根据句意，此人很马虎，careless符合句意。 2. The soldier died for saving the child，so his_ is heavier than Mount Tai. A. die B. dead C. died D. death 答案：D 解析：代词his后需要接名词。Death为名词。 3. The child looked _at his brother who was badly wounded. A. sadly B. sadness C. sadlly D. sad 答案：D 解析：look在本句中为系动词，后面需要加形同词。Sad为形容词。 4. He is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a _. A. chemistry B. chemical C. chemist D. physician 答案：C 解析：前一句表明他善于化学，-ist表示家，chemist表示化学家。 5. Do you know the _ (deep) of the river? 答案：depth 解析：在动词know后作宾语或者说在冠词the后，用名词，故填depth。 6. The teacher was angry at my _ (come) late. 答案：coming 解析：在形容词性物主代词后或者说在介词后作宾语用名词或动名词，因come没有相 应的名词，故填coming。 7. The boy ran _ (quick) to school. 答案：quickly 解析：修饰动词ran作状语，用副词，故填quickly。 8. The _ (strength) we become, the more modest we should be. 答案：stronger 解析：在系动词become后作表语，用形容词，由句式结构可知，用比较级，故填stronger。 9.The little girl is _ (extreme) eager to know the result of the exam。 答案：extremely 解析：在形容词前作状语，用副词，故填extremely。 （三）能力提高 1.The three- _chair isnt suitable for a young child. He may fall off. A. legging B. legged C. legs D. leged 答案：B 解析：复合形容词，-ed为形容词尾，按规则g双写，故选B。 2. You must come with us to the police _.Our head is waiting for you. A. headquarters B. headline C. headmaster D. headache 答案：A 解析：headquarters表指挥部。符合句意。 3.Letting that animal escape was no accident；You did it _. A. intend B. intention C. intentionally D. intentional 答案：C 解析：空白处为状语，需填进一个副词，-ly为副词词尾，故选C。 4. The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a_ smile. A. practice B. practise C. practical D. practiced 答案：D 解析：空白处为定语修饰smile,应填入形容词，而practiced有“练习过的”的字面含义， 故选D。 5. The teacher was angry at my _ (come) late. 答案：coming 解析：在形容词性物主代词后或者说在介词后作宾语用名词或动名词，因come没有相 应的名词，故填coming。 6. The boy ran _ (quick) to school. 答案：quickly解析：修饰动词ran作状语，用副词，故填quickly。 7. The little girl is _ (extreme) eager to know the result of the exam。 答案：extremely 解析：在形容词前作状语，用副词，故填extremely。 8. Whats the _ (width) river in the world? 答案：widest 解析：在名词river前作定语，要用形容词，由in the world可知，要用最高级，故填 widest。 9.It is generally thought that traveling abroad can _ (rich) ones knowledge. 答案：enrich 解析：因情态动词后要接动词原形，故填enrich。 10 .Do you know the _ (deep) of the river? 答案：depth 解析：在动词know后作宾语或者说在冠词the后，用名词，故填depth。2、 雅思阅读超高频词汇大串讲1. state n. 情形, 状态, 国家, 政府, 州 vt.声明, 陈述, 规定 For the century before Johnsons Dictionary was published in 1775, there had been concern about the state of the English language.statement n.声明, 陈述, 综述2. special adj.特别的, 特殊的, 专门的especially adv.尤其，特别specialization n.特殊化, 专门化specialise v.专业化，专门研究specialised adj. 专门的, 专科的 In the 19th century, new, specialised, professional societies were instituted to promote and publish in the new disciplines.specialist n. 专家speciality n.特性, 特质, 专业specify vt.指定, 详细说明specific adj.详细而精确的, 明确的 An early scientific journal fostered a new kind of writing based on short descriptions of specific experiments.specifically adv.特定的, 明确的species n.种类 Extinct species are being replaced by new species.3. differ vi.不同 In both cases the critical day length differs from species to species.difference n.差异, 差别different adj.不同的 Different groups of researchers attacked different problems, from speech recognition to chess playing, in different ways.differentiate v.区别, 区分4. appropriate adj.适当的inappropriate adj.不适当的5. staff n. 全体职员6. contradict vt.同.矛盾contradiction n.反驳, 矛盾contrary adj.相反的, 逆的contrast vt.使与.对比 n.对比, 对照7. claim n.(根据权利提出)要求, 主张 vt.(根据权利)要求, 主张claimant n.（根据权利）提出要求者reclaim vt.要求归还，开垦reclamation n.收回，开垦8. similar adj.相似的, 类似的 Across Europe similar academies and societies arose, creating new national traditions of science.similarly adv.同样地, 类似于similarity n.类似, 类似处assimilation n.同化9. evidence n.明显, 显著，证据 There is plenty of scientific evidence to support photoperiodism.evident adj.明显的, 显然的10. major n. 主修课 adj.主修的，主要的 vi.主修 Grime (1966) suggests that light may be one of the major components directing these adaptations.majority n.多数, 大半11. further adj.更远的, 更多的 vt.促进, 增进, 助长furthermore adv.此外, 而且12. involve vt.包括,使陷于 Kant believed that a successful joke involves the controlled release of nervous energy.involvement n.连累, 包含revolve v.旋转revolution n.革命，旋转revolutionary adj.革命的，全新的 n.革命者revolutionise vt.使彻底改变evolve vt. (使)进化, (使)发展 evolution n. 进化, 发展 evolutionary adj.进化的13. complete adj.全部的, 完全的 vt.完成, 使完善 It was a very expensive and time-consuming process that took around six months to pletely adv.十分, 完全地completion n.完成 Johnson only received payment for his Dictionary on its completion.accomplish vt.完成，实现accomplishment n.完成，成就14. suit v.适合 n.一套衣服suitable adj.适当的, 相配 Latin was suitable for an international audience of scholars, whereas English reached a socially wider, but more local, audience.suitcase n.手提箱, 衣箱15. person n.人, 身体personal adj.私人的, 个人的 Most comedians use personal situations as a source of humour.personalize v.使成私人的, 人格化personality n.个性, 人格 Researchers claim that the human personality is formed during the first two years of life.personnel n.人员, 职员16. accommodate vt.供应, 供给, 容纳accommodation n.住处, 膳宿17. economy n.经济, 节约economic adj.经济(上)的 It would be best to attempt to slow down economic growth.economical adj.节约的economist n.经济学者, 经济家economics n.经济学18. alter v.改变alternative n.二中择一, 可供选择的办法, 事物 adj.选择性的, 二中择一的alternate adj.交替的, 轮流的 v.交替, 轮流, 改变19. effect n.效果, 作用, 影响effective adj.有效的effectiveness n.效力effort n.努力, 成就affect vt.影响, 感动affection n. 影响, 爱情, affective adj.情感的affecting adj.感人的, 动人的efficient adj.(直接)生效的, 有效率的efficiency n.效率, 功效sufficient adj.充分的，足够的insufficient adj.不足的，不够的20. experiment n.实验, 试验 vi.进行实验, 做试验experimental adj.实验的experimentation n.实验, 试验, 实验法experimenter n.实验者21. approach n.接近, 方法 vt.接近 His approach to the problems that had worried writers throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries was intensely practical.approachability n.可接近22. previous adj.在前的, 早先的 Working to a deadline, he had to draw on the best of all previous dictionaries, and to make his work one of heroic synthesis.23. gene n. 遗传基因genetic adj.遗传的genetics n.遗传学24. object n.物体, 目标, 宾语, 对象 vi.反对, 拒绝, 抗议objection n.异议,拒绝objective n.目标, 目的 adj.客观的25. amount n.数量 vi.(to) 总计, 等于26. mean adj.低劣的,吝啬的 vt.意谓 n.平均数meaning n.意义, 含意meaningful adj.意味深长的27. coal n.煤coal-mining n.挖煤28. quality n.质量, 品质, 性质qualify v.(使)具有资格, 证明合格qualification n.资格, 条件qualitative adj.性质上的, 定性的29. medicine n.药, 医学medical adj.医学的, 内科的medication n.药物治疗, 药物处理, 药物30. term n.学期,条款,术语termly adj.定期的, 每一期的terminology n.术语学31. perform vt.履行, 执行, 表演performance n.履行,成绩,表演32. subject n.题目, 学科，实验对象 adj.受制于.的, 受.影响的, Several of the subjects were psychology students at Yale University.subjective adj.主观的, 个人的 Peter Derks believes that humour relate to a persons subjective views.33. sense n.官能, 感觉, 意义 vt.感到