论文--哥特式建筑赏析.doc

欧洲文化入门课程论文 学 期：2010-2011学年下期 姓 名：赵来超 班 级：2008级英本一班 学 号：200813064134 任课教师：罗云 2011.6.9Appreciation of Gothic ArchitectureKey words: Gothic style church culture中文摘要：哥特式建筑是流行于欧洲的一种建筑风格。以其高超的技术和艺术成就，在 建筑史上占有重要地位。哥特式建筑总体风格特点是:空灵、纤瘦、高耸、尖峭。主要见于天主教堂也影响到世俗建筑。最负著名的哥特式建筑有巴黎圣母大教堂、意大利米兰大教堂、德国科隆大教堂、英国威斯敏斯特大教堂。Abstract：Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished in European. It played an important role in architectural history because of its high techniques and artistic merit. Its overall characteristics are intangible, thin, lofty, pointed. Seen mainly in the Catholic Church, which has also affected the secular building, the most famous Gothic architectures include Notre Dame cathedral, Milans spire-laden cathedral,Cologne Cathedral of Germany,Westminster Abbey of English.This kind of architecture affect religion much.（一）Historical background of Gothic architecture Since the 12th century to 15th century AD, the city has become a feudal kingdom in all political, religious, economic and cultural center，the rise of the feudal society of this period accelerates the great development of the product - Gothic art.Gothic architecture developed centering around France. During the 12th century and 15th century, because urban handcraft industry and commerce guide were booming and democratic regime was carried, citizens began tobuild cathedral or abbey with great enthusiasm to express their cities. Besides,at that time,cathedral or abbeywas no longer a pure ecclesiastical building but the center of urban public life,even market and theatre.（2） Technological achievement of Gothic architecture Gothic architecture came from the previous architectural genre, Romanesque. For the most part, there was not a clean break, as there was later to be in Renaissance Florence with the revival of the Classical style by Brunelleschi in the early 15th century. In Gothic architecture, a unique combination of existing technologies established the emergence of a new building style. Those technologies were the ogival or pointed arch, the ribbed vault, and the flying buttress.The Gothic style, when applied to an ecclesiastical building, emphasizes verticality and light. This appearance was achieved by the development of certain architectural features, which together provided an engineering solution. The structural parts of the building ceased to be its solid walls, and became a stone skeleton comprising clustered columns, pointed ribbed vaults and flying buttresses. A Gothic cathedral or abbey was, prior to the 20th century, generally the landmark building in its town, rising high above all the domestic structures and often suprassed by one or more towers and pinnacles and perhaps tall spires. These cathedrals were the skyscrapers of that day and would have, by far, been the largest buildings that Europeans would have ever seen.（三）Characteristics of Gothic architectureGothic architecture has three distinct characteristics which set it apart from Romanesque: pointed arches, ribbed vault, and flying buttresses. These developments allowed the architects to make the church much larger and brighter. By transferring the weight of the ceilings outward thrust to the flying buttresses, they were now able to place huge stain glass windows in the walls. This allowed the once dim Romanesque Cathedral to be transformed into a very bright and warm feeling Gothic Cathedral. Such light, skeletal construction employing cross ribbed-vaults and other thin carrying structures (interior columns, exterior flying buttresses), replaced the massiveness of Romanesque vaults. This had the revolutionary effect of opening up the interior space of a large building such as a church. These churches also reflect the wealth and influence of the church in the Middle Ages. Many of these churches and cathedrals took over a century to build. （四）Spatial shape of Gothic architecture Gothic church body upward is very strong with the vertical line straight through choreographed body. One obvious characteristic of Gothic architecture is the pointed or ogival arch.On the exterior, the verticality is emphasised in a major way by the towers and spires and in a lesser way by strongly projecting vertical buttresses, by narrow half-columns called attached shafts which often pass through several storeys of the building, by long narrow windows, vertical mouldings around doors and figurative sculpture which emphasises the vertical and is often attenuated. There is some rhythm in the vertical parallel line itself. All the peaks are pointed,so are the buildings local and details. Milans spire-laden cathedral are the most impressive with 135 pointed arches. This kind of structure not only reflects followers belief to paradise but also peculiar religious spirit and builder super artistry. This kind of structure with high,straight,and pointed trends made the whole church full of impulsion, brought peoples thought to the imaginative paradise and expressed the religious ideas successfully.（5） Decoration and symbolism From some typical Gothic architecture，we can see that many churches were very richly decorated, both inside and out. Sculpture and architectural details were often bright with coloured paint of which traces remain at the Cathedral of Chartres. Wooden ceilings and panelling were usually brightly coloured. Sometimes the stone columns of the nave were painted, and the panels in decorative wall arcading contained narratives or figures of saints. These have rarely remained intact, but may be seen at the Chapter house of Westminster Abbey. The architectural concept,including the loftiness and huge dimensions of the structure,the statues, sculptural decoration, stained glass and murals were intended to convey a thelogical message that the mathematical and geometrical nature of the construction is an image of the orderly universe, in which an underlying rationality and logic can be perceived.Also they incorporate the essence of creation in depictions of the Labours of the Months and the Zodiac and sacred history from the Old and New Testaments and Lives of the Saints, as well as reference to the eternal in the Last Judgment and Coronation of the Virgin.（六）Historical position and influence Today when we face the strength of Gothic architecture,we must think that it was a production of religious society. It played an important role in western society. During past years wherever Gothic architecture is found, it is subject to local influences, and frequently the inf