论放眼长远的美术教育实施方略.docx

人类社会的发展史表明，是有意识和无意识的审美活动创造了人类文化艺术史上辉煌的画卷。它是历史长河中人类社会一以贯之的主旋律之一。这也是人类有别于其他动物的重要的文明标志所在。唐代张彦远云：“夫画者，成教化，助人伦，穷神变，测幽微，与六籍同功，四时并运，发于天然，非由述作。”这种观点主要侧重于艺术的政治及道德的教育功用。随着时间的推移，人们的认识能力及审美视野能力的提高扩大，艺术的美育作用逐渐为人们所重视，使艺术修养成为人类完善自我人格的重要方面。杜东原说：“绘画之事，胸中造化吐露于笔端，恍惚变换，像其物宜。足以启人之高志，发人之浩气。”近代美术教育家蔡元培先生更是看到了美术教育作为塑造完美人格的积极意义，提出了著名的“以美育代宗教”之论断。但是，当代美术教育却面临着前所未有的危机。科技的进步，经济观念的冲击，在给人类带来丰厚物质财富的同时，也给人类带来深刻的精神危机和隐患。随着改革开放政策的进一步扩大推行，西方现代主义美术思潮不断涌入我国。一些低俗的现象被青年人所推崇，于是我们的美术教育似乎又偏离了原来的方向。好像艺术突然间失去了起码的标准，令人堪忧的是，在美院许多大一新生就不屑于基本技能及美学常识的训练学习。在他们眼里，什么传统、名家、经典都“俱往矣”，数风流大师“还看今朝”。很多人不但失去了审美方向，而且以牺牲艺术自身价值为代价，以强烈极端的方式亵渎着神圣的艺术，导致“审美”向着“审丑”大靠拢，走入“泛美术”的境地。鉴于此，放眼长远的健康的美术教育就是摆在每个美术教育者面前的严肃问题。我国的教育纲要明确指出：“美育对于培养学生健康的审美观念和审美能力，陶冶高尚的道德情操，培养全面发展的人才，具有重要作用。”美术教育是美育的主要阵地，也是重要途径，所以，美术教育搞得好与不好直接关系着国民审美教育的成与败。回顾历史，我们会清楚地看到，完善人格的理想总是在艺术健康、辉煌发展的时代里得到最充分的体现。例如：古希腊人身心的健康和谐，文艺复兴时期人的全面发展，都与其艺术的繁荣发展密切相关。文艺复兴杰出画家达?芬奇几乎无所不能，米开朗基罗涉猎广泛精深，从这点来看，美术教育（审美）在完善发展人自身方面有着重要的作用和地位。就是在我国的封建社会，书画也是人格修养的重要体现。虽然书画是人创造的，反过来，它亦能训练培养“感受形式美的眼睛”和净化“澄怀味象”的心灵。当然，我们的美术教育应以科学性为前提，既要有明确的健康标准，又要有一个开放的体系。因为真善美和假恶丑是旗帜鲜明的一对范畴，所以美术教育标准从这个角度来说应是明确的，不能含糊。此外，因为美的内容和形式又是丰富多彩、千变万化的，因此，它的标准性应是开放的范畴。众所周知，我们之所以能够欣赏不同民族、不同时代的艺术作品，是因为我们有着共同的“人性”基础或“人文”基础。追求真善美和对生命的观照、感悟、体验，就是人类的共性，不管体验和追求的方式有多大的区别，都不可能否认这一点。“审美教育的全部着眼点是感性的人。在感性层次上，激发、诱导、发展人的各种本质力量。审美的人，绝不仅仅意味着在艺术上有特殊资质或艺术感受力敏锐。它是一个具有人的本体论意义的概念这是一种要求完美，要求统一性，要求一个活的生命存在的态度，同时也是一种把握完美，把握统一性，把握活的生命存在的能力。”这里说的“人的本体论意义的概念”指的就是人类追求真善美，不断自我完善人格的人性美。从形式上来说，我们可说这是东方的艺术，那是西方的艺术，但从实质上来讲，艺术没有国界，它是属于全人类的财富和天质，违背了这一点就会走向反艺术、反人类、反社会的死路上去。当代一些画家不去认真钻研艺术的奥秘，心性浮躁，在“与世界接轨”旗帜的掩护下，认为“捡拾”一些西方后现代主义的“垃圾”，甚至不惜牺牲民族尊严，去换取西方老板恩赐的“银两”，这给很多缺乏辨别力的人造成一种假象原来他们在国外很受欢迎，其实并非如此。真正去考察过的人都知道，西方人大多数也是冷落所谓现代艺术的，即使去看也是出于好奇，走马观花罢了。真正令人驻足、流连忘返的仍是那些透射着人性美的传统经典艺术品。现代主义和后现代主义形形色色的流派“生快死早”的现象恰恰证明它是没有生命力的。西方对中国后现代主义追随者的“包装”是文化殖民主义行径的表现，这一点我们必须清楚明白。不然我们失去的不仅是艺术本体，还会失去民族自信心和自尊心。艺术的生命固然在于原创性和不可重复性，但万变不离其宗，艺术创作的自由像风筝一样飞得再高，总得有根线牵着，不然半尺也飞不起来。我们大都注意赞美青胜于蓝，而疏忽了出于蓝的道理。我们应该明白艺术创新有着广泛自由的同时，仍然受着自身规律的束缚。温故而知新，我们不能抛弃传统，一切美术现象，都是特定文化的见证。对此，孔子论得好：“志于道，据于德，依于仁，游于艺。”这里孔子指出，艺术活动应以“道”为志向，以德为依据，以仁为参照，不可无序乱搞，否则就“不知其可”，连疯子都可以做艺术家了。美术教育应以人为本，这已是不争的事实，然而人总是一定社会文化的产物。我们不能脱离深厚的民族文化根基谈美术教育，“甚至最有创造性的天才也不能逾越在其诞生之日就为他确定了的一定界限。不是一切事情在任何时候都可能发生，特定的思想只能产生于发展的特定的阶段。”因此，当代中国美术教育的着眼点应是传统的、民族的文化精华。在此基础上，审慎地接受外来文化中有益的养分。要做到这一点，我们有必要重新审视一下从民族性到世界性应具备的条件：1.适应普遍人性；2.符合共同审美情感；3.体现时代精神。不具备这三个条件，妄称世界性的民族性只能陷入文化保守主义或狭隘民族主义的泥坑而不能自拔。举个简单的例子就可说明这一点，旧中国女人的“三寸金莲”可谓最具有民族性，难道能说这种反常、扭曲、变态的东西具有世界性吗？同理，外来文化也绝不能等同世界性。所以我们所说的真正的民族性是以世界性为前提的。只有如此，我们才能利用世界性普遍的真理，去克服民族性中的“怪胎”，使我们的民族性具有真正的世界性。谈到此，我们对美术教育的实质状况、态度、标准有了简括的认识。如何实践取得理想效果就是不能回避的实际问题了。我认为美术教育亦应从“知”“情”“意”“行”四字入手，只不过重点应放在“情”和“行”上面，这是美术教育的特殊性决定的。首先要广泛利用美术资源，如图书、博物馆、展览现场等，让受教育者知道什么是不朽的美术作品，什么是经典，为什么是经典？要求他们具备辨别能力，写出认识体会。其次，也就是最重要的方面，培养受教育者积极主动的情感体验能力。让感性个体的自我在实实在在、丰富多样的生活中，忘我地去感悟生命的意义，体验生命的存在。美术教育的主要目的并不是培养抽象概念的逻辑思维能力，而是让情感融于生活和世界中，感验其中的真味，达到“此中有真意，欲辨已忘言”的情感审美境界。另外，我们不能只顾审美个性的培养而忽视了美术基础教育，那样势必导致浮躁和急功近利等不良现象的滋生。美术领域里的一些怪圈现象，正是缺乏美术基础教育先天不足的结果。应指出的是，美术实践活动是美术教育中举足轻重的一环，不可也不能轻视。虽然广义来说，美术教育的目的不是把人人都培养成艺术家，但是，严格的、科学的专业基础训练，却是通向艺术家的必由之路，否则你将永远体会不到美术创作的享受。论放眼长远的美术教育实施方略Shows that the history of human society is the conscious and unconscious aesthetic activity has created a glorious history of human culture picture. It is a long history in a consistent theme of human society. This is different from other animals is important human civilization symbol.Tang dynasty Zhang Yanyuan cloud: ICONS, enlightenment, to ethics and poor god changed, casual attitudes, work with six books, ever-green and luck, hair is natural, not by above. This view is mainly focused on political and moral education functions of art. As time goes on, peoples understanding ability and the ability of aesthetic vision to expand, the art of aesthetic education function for people place gradually, make the artistic culture become the important aspect of human personality perfect oneself. Du Dong original said: in painting, breast confide in the eye of god, trance, as its material. Enough to rev koshi, haoqi of people. Modern art educator CAI yuanpei is to see the fine arts education as positive significance of shaping perfect personality, put forward the famous judgment of aesthetic education for religion.However, contemporary fine arts education is facing unprecedented crisis. The progress of science and technology, the impact of the economic concept, bring huge material wealth for mankind at the same time, also bring the profound spiritual crisis and hidden dangers. With the further expansion of the implementation of the reform and opening-up policy, western modernist trend of art in our country. Some vulgar phenomenon is regarded by the young people, so our art education seems to have deviated from the original direction. As if suddenly lost at least the standard of art, worrying is that many in the academy freshman just above training learning basic skills and aesthetic sense. In their eyes, whats the tradition, famous artists, all classic all in the past, several masters also see today. Many people not only lost the aesthetic direction, and at the expense of the value of art itself, with intense blasphemy against the holy art extreme way, lead to aesthetic towards ugliness, into the pan arts.In view of this, look to the long-term health of the fine arts education is a serious problem in front of each art educators. Our countrys education outline clearly pointed out: aesthetic education to cultivate students healthy aesthetic idea and aesthetic ability, cultivate noble moral sentiment, cultivate all-round development of people, plays an important role. Fine arts education is one of the main platforms of aesthetic education, but also important way, therefore, the fine arts education to get good and bad directly related with the success and failure of the national aesthetic education. In retrospect, we can see clearly that perfect personality ideal is always in the era of glory health, art development be the most fully reflected. The ancient greeks, for example, health of body and mind harmony, the Renaissance mans all-round development, closely related to the prosperity and development of the art. The Renaissance painter outstanding amount to? Vinci almost omnipotent, Michelangelo wide-ranging profound, from this point of view, the fine arts education (aesthetic) in perfecting has important position and function of development of human beings. In Chinas feudal society, the calligraphy and painting is also the important manifestation of personality. Although the calligraphy and painting is created by people, in turn, it can also training eyes to express the beauty of feelings and purification chengcheng bosom flavor like mind.Of course, our art education should be on the premise of scientific and should have clear health standards, and to have an open system. Because a pair of beauty and ugliness is distinctively categories, so art education standards from this perspective should be clear, not vague. In addition, because the content and form of beauty and rich and colorful, ever-changing, therefore, its standard sex should be open category. As is known to all, we are able to appreciate works of art in the age of different nationalities, different, because we have a common humanity or the humanities basis. The pursuit of truth and the view of life, feeling and experience, is our common humanity, no matter how much they experience, and the pursuit of the way the difference between, cant deny that. Aesthetic education is the full respect of perceptual person. In the perceptual level, inspire, induction and development of various kinds of essential strength. People aesthetic people, not just means in art have special qualifications or sensibility sharp. It was a man with the concept of the ontological significance of perfect. this is a requirement, for unity, for a living attitude of life, is also a kind of perfect, grasp the unity, grasp the ability to live life.Here the concept of man the ontological significance means the human pursuit of beauty, the beauty of continuous self-improvement of personality. From the form, we can say this is the art of the east, that is the art of the west, but from the essentially speaking, art is no national boundaries, it belongs to the wealth of all mankind and day qualitative, violated it will head into the art, against humanity, anti-social ends up.Some contemporary artists not to seriously study the secret of art, heart blundering, under the cover of with the world banner, think pick up some junk of western postmodernism, even at the expense of national dignity, for silver boss a gift in the west, this caused a lot of people who lack discrimination an illusion - they are very popular in foreign, in fact not the case. To really looked at a person all know that most westerners also ignored the so-called modern art, is out of curiosity, even go to the tour. Real a stop transmission, linger over the remains of the reality and tradition of classic works of art. Modernism and postmodernism mixed genre born dying early phenomenon proves that it is no vitality. Followers of China in the west post-modern packaging is a manifestation of the cultural colonialism behavior, we must clearly understand this point. Or we lost is not only an art ontology, but also will lose national self-confidence and self-esteem.Art of life is lies in the original and the unrepeatable, plus ca change, however, the freedom of artistic creation like a kite fly high again, always a thread holding, or half a foot is not fly. Most of us praise the green rather than blue, and the neglect of blue. We should understand of artistic innovation has extensive freedom at the same time, still bound to the law of its own. Consider, we cannot abandon traditional, all the fine arts phenomenon, are witnessing a particular culture. Well to this, the theory of Confucius: in a way, according to virtue, in accordance with the union special, swim in the arts. Here Confucius pointed out that the art activities should take the tao as the aim, Germany as the basis, to the kernel as reference, not disorderly messing around, what is he good for?, otherwise even mad artist can do.Art education should be people-oriented, it is indisputable fact that, however, people are always the product of a certain social culture. We can not talk about out of profound national culture foundation education of fine arts, even the most creative genius cannot grow in the day of its birth to he identified a certain limit. Not everything can happen at any time, a particular thoughts can only be produced in a particular stage of development.Therefore, a focal point of contemporary Chinese art education should be a traditional, ethnic culture essence. On this basis, the discretion to accept foreign culture of beneficial nutrients. To do this, it is necessary for us to look at from nationality to the world should have the conditions: 1. To adapt to the common humanity; 2. Comply with the common aesthetic emotion; 3. The spirit era. Do not have these three conditions, the nationality of vain world only in cultural conservatism or narrow nationalism mud and cannot extricate oneself. A simple example to illustrate this point, the old China women huangdi zhuxue is one of the most national character, can say the abnormal cosmopolitan, distortion, abnormal condition of things? By the same token, the external culture also can never equal the world. So what we call the real national character is based on the premise of the world. Only in this way, can we use the world universal truth, to overcome the national character of freak, make our nationality with the real world.When it comes to this, we are the essence of art education status, attitudes, standards have seen. How to practice to achieve the ideal effect is cant avoid the practical problems. I think art education also should be know and feeling meaning line four words, but the emphasis should be on top emotion and line, it is determined the particularity of the fine arts education. First to extensive use of resources of fine arts, such as library, museum, exhibition site, let know what is the imm