民用航空运输 航权介绍.doc

关于航空权 航空权 ：是指国际航空运输中的过境权利和运输业务权利，也称国际航空运输的业务或空中自由权。它是国家重要的航空权益，必须加以维护，在国际航空运输中交换这些权益时，一般采取对等原则，有时候某一方也会提出较高的交换条件或收取补偿费以适当保护本国航空企业的权益。 来源： 二次世界大战后，西方国家认为战争爆发时，天空的控制权非常重要。和平后，于1944年在芝加哥就有关天空控制权问题签署了著名的芝加哥协定，该协定草议出两国间协商航空运输条款的蓝本，而有关条款仍沿用至今。 各类航权介绍（从本国权利角度说明）： 第一航权 ：领空飞越权在不着陆的情况下，本国航机可以在协议国领空上飞过，前往其他国家目的地。例：北京一旧金山，中途飞越日本领空，那就要和日本签订领空飞越权，获取第一航权，否则只能绕道飞行，增加燃料消耗和飞行时间。 第二航权 ：技术经停权本国航机可以因技术需要（如添加燃料、飞机故障或气象原因备降）在协议国降落、经停，但不得作任何业务性工作如上下客、货、邮。例如：北京一纽约，如果由于某飞机机型的原因，不能直接飞抵，中间需要在日本降落并加油，但不允许在该机场上下旅客和货物。此时就要和日本签订技术经停权。 第三航权：目的地下客权本国航机可以在协议国境内卸下乘客、邮件或货物。例如：北京一东京，如获得第三航权，中国民航飞机承运的旅客、货物可在东京进港，但只能空机返回。 第四航权 ：目的地上客权本国航机可以在协议国境内载运乘客，邮件或货物返回。例如：北京一东京，如获得第四航权，中国民航飞机能载运旅客、邮件或货物搭乘原机返回北京。第五航权 ：中间点权或延远权可以先在第三国的地点作为中转站上下客货，第五航权是要和两个或两个以上的国家进行谈判。例如：新加坡一厦门一芝加哥，新加坡航空获得第五航权，可以在新加坡一芝加哥航线上在厦门经停，上下客货。 第六航权 ：桥梁权本国航机可以用两条航线的名义，接载甲国和乙国乘客及货物往返，但途中必须经过本国。例如：伦敦一汉城一东京，大韩航空将源自英国的旅客运经汉城后再运到东京。 第七航权 ：完全第三国运输权本国航机可以在境外接载乘客和货物，而不用返回本国。即本国航机在甲、乙两国间接载乘客和运载货物。例如：伦敦一巴黎，由德国汉莎航空公司承运 第八航权 ：本国航机可以在协议国国境内两个不同的地方接载乘客、货物往返，但航机以本国为终点站。 第九航权 ：国内运输权本国航机可以到协议国作国内航线运营。Currently there are generally considered to be nine freedoms of the air . Although these operations are called freedoms, they are not necessarily available to an airline. Most nations of the world exchange first and second freedoms through the International Air Services Transit Agreement. The other freedoms, to the extent that they are available, are usually exchanged between countries in bilateral or multilateral air services agreements. The eighth and nineth freedoms (cabotage) have been exchanged only in limited instances. (U.S. law currently prohibits cabotage operations.) In addition, airlines are often required to have an operating license to exercise the rights that are available.First FreedomThe right to fly across the territory of a foreign country. without landing (e.g. United Airlines flies from the United States (A) over Ireland (B) en route to Germany.)Second FreedomThe right to land in a foreign country for technical or non-traffic purposes, such as for re-fueling or maintenance. (e.g. American Airlines flies from the United States (A) and lands to refuel in Ireland (B) enroute to Germany.)Third FreedomThe right to deplane traffic in a foreign country that was enplaned in the home country of the carrier. (e.g. United Airlines carries passengers from the United States (A) to France (B).)Fourth Freedom The right to enplane traffic in the foreign country that is bound for the home country of the carrier. (e.g. American Airlines carries passengers from the United Kingdom (B) to the United States (A).)Fifth FreedomThe right to enplane traffic at one foreign point and deplane it in another foreign point as part of continuous operation also serving the airlines homeland (e.g. Northwest Airlines has fifth freedom rights to carry traffic between Tokyo (B) and Hong Kong (C), on services which stop at Tokyo (B) en route between Los Angeles (A) and Hong Kong (C).Sixth FreedomThis term is applied to Fifth Freedom traffic carried from a point of origin in one foreign country to a point of destination in another foreign country via the home country of the airline. (e.g. KLM, carries sixth-freedom traffic between New York (A) and Cairo (C), carrying passengers traveling from New York (A) to Amsterdam (B) and on to Cairo (C).)Seventh FreedomThis term is applied to an airlines operating turn around service and carrying traffic between points in two foreign countries without serving its home country (e.g., Lufthansa operates between New York (A) and Mexico City (C) without serving Germany (B). Eighth FreedomThis term is used to refer to consecutive or fill-up cabotage in which an airline picks up traffic at one point in a foreign country and deplanes it at another point in that same foreign country as part of a service from the home country of the airline (e.g., Singapore Airlines enplanes traffic at Wellington (A) and deplanes it in Aukland (B) as part of its service between New Zealand and Singapore (C). Ninth FreedomThis term is used to re