浅析海明威《丧钟为谁而鸣》.doc

浅析丧钟为谁而鸣中所体现的人性善恶李维静摘 要在对丧钟为谁而鸣这本书里面人物人性的分析中，大多认为是战争使人性发生了变化，控诉战争的罪恶。本文即从几位主人公的家庭背景和受教育情况两方面对人性的影响，来阐述人性在受到环境影响时心理产生了扭曲，丧失了人性，丢失了爱的能力。通过对本书的背景知识的一个介绍，了解全文发生的社会背景、环境和时代背景，引出自己的观点。通过归纳总结这些资料，着重介绍书中几位主人公的人物性格，家庭背景和受教育程度，来分析主人公们人性善恶的原因，并进行比较。总结这个时代总的人性特点，突出其中的不同点并分析原因。通过分析几位主人公在丧钟为谁而鸣中的行为及人性善恶的体现论证家庭背景、受教育情况以及人的本身的品德修养对人性的影响至关重要。关键词：家庭背景; 教育; 人性An Analysis of Human Nature Depicted inFor Whom the Bell TollsLi weijingABSTRACT In the analysis of the figures humanity in For Whom the Bell Tolls, most scholars consider that war has changed human nature, and accuse the evils of war. In this paper, Iwill elaborate that the impact of environment will lead to human psychological distortion, the deterioration of human nature as well as inability to love from the perspective of social and family background and education. Through an introduction of background knowledge of this book, we will know the social background and environment in which the story was set. Through summing then up I will focus on introducing characteristics of the main figures, their family background and level of education to analyze the good and evil of human nature in them, and make a comparison. Then I will summarize the general characteristics of human nature of this age, highlight the differences and analyze the reasons. Through the analysis of several characters deeds as well as the good and evil in their human nature depicted in the book For Whom the Bell Tolls, I will reach to the conclusion that human nature is greatly influenced by family background, education and ones own moral cultivation.Key words: family background; education; human natureIICONTENTS摘 要I ABSTRACTIIChapter 1 Introduction1Chapter 2 Literature Review2Chapter 3 An Introduction to Ernest Hemingway3 3.1 Hemingways Social and Family Background and His Characteristics3 3.2 Hemingways Exploration of Human Nature in Other Works3Chapter 4 Human Nature Depicted in the Novel5 4.1 Family Background and Education of the Protagonists5 4.2 An Analysis of the Characteristics and Deeds of the Protagonists5 4.3 An Analysis of Factors Shaping Human Nature8Chapter 5 Conclusion10Bibliography111Chapter 1 Introduction For whom the Bell Tolls is the American writer Ernest Hemingways novel created in 1940 and is one of his representative works. The novel is set in the Spanish Anti-Fascist War. The novel is about Robert Jordan, a professor of Spanish in the university, has deep feelings for Spain. He is willing to participate in the Spanish army, behind enemy lines to blasting activities. To support counteroffensives, he was ordered to contact local guerrillas, to do exploding bridge task. The book For Whom the Bell Tolls caused a great sensation in the world as it was published and many scholars do research in it, some study the feminism, heroism, tough guy spirit, etc in it, while some analyze the humanity inside the human nature; most think that it was war that resulted in the changes of human nature, and accuse the crime of war. In this paper, I will elaborate that the impact of environment will lead to human psychological distortion, the deterioration of human nature as well as inability to love from the perspective of social and family background and education. But no matter how the oppressive of the outside world is, we should not distort our own human nature. We should praise the heroes who are dedicated for country and justice.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewFor Whom the Bell Tolls is the American writer Ernest Hemingways novel written in 1940, is one of his representative works. In 1940 it was published and immediately became Americas best seller novel only second to Gone With the Wind (Lynn 1973: 484) and got praise from the critics. But Arturo Area representing Spanish novelists in the book Forging of a Rebel, insisted that the novel was a failure, because it was in fiction writing, and Hemingway didnt reproduce The real condition of The Spanish Civil War. Carlos Baker in Losts life - Hemingway Biography also detailed Hemingways inner activity and reflection on humanity. But he didnt talk too much about the reasons why this kind of humanity is influenced by outside . There are also many Chinese scholars studying the book For Whom the Bell Tolls, such as Ti Ti Murong(2013) reported that the war trampled on humanity and people lost their humanity, and strongly attacked the evils of war. Wang Chunxiang(2008,01) wrote a paper aiming at highlighting that war had trampled humanity and profoundly indicted the evil of war. Li Shuxin(2006,02) elaborated that the sense of guilt from murdering the hero embodied the goodness of humanity. Hemingway described the tragedy of deteriorated humanity caused by the war and the difficulties associated with this redemption and blamed it on the traditional Catholic faith which had lost its redemptive function. And Jin Hong, in the book Hemingways tragedy consciousness and death knot, analyzed the typical works written by Ernest Hemingway on the three themes: Death and War, Death and humanity, Death and the sublime which suggest that we should see the light and wish from death. In Hemingways view, only by restoring people, integrating man between man and nature as the core of the religion, can human beings achieve true salvation. These illustrated the impacts of war on humanity, without considering the effects of family background and education on human nature and human moral character itself.Chapter 3 An Introduction to Ernest Hemingway 3.1 Hemingways Social and Family Background and His CharacteristicsHemingway was born in Oak Park, Walloon Lake, and was baptized in the ceremony. Most of Hemingways childhood in Walloon Lake farmhouse was spent reading picture books and cartoons, listening to all types of stories. He liked to imitate different characters. Hemingways mother hoped that her son could be developed on music, but Hemingway had inherited his fathers interest, such as hunting, fishing, camping in the woods, lakes and so on. So with his childhood spent in Walloon Lake farmhouse, Hemingway loved nature very much. Through1913 to 1917, Hemingway received high school education and he showed outstanding talent in the English language. In junior high school, he turned his hand to two literary newspaper article. After graduating from high school, he became an editor of the Journal. Sometimes he wrote under a pseudonym, in honor of his literary hero Rancor (Ring Lardner) in mind. After graduating from high school, Hemingway refused to go to the University, and entered the US pivotal Kansas City Star (Kansas City Star) as a reporter at the age of 18 where he officially began his writing career. In Kansas City Star while writing worked for six months in the process, Hemingway received good training.3.2 Hemingways Exploration of Human Nature in Other Works The novel For Whom the Bell Tolls, written by Ernest Hemingway, was published in 1914. All the people praised the novel except the group of people who think this novel is a failure. Because they think Hemingway didnt reflect the real situation. Its in the foreign country that the writer Carlos Baker in Losts life - Hemingway Biography introduced Hemingways inner activity and the thinking of humanity details. But he didnt talk too much about the reasons for this kind of humanity that is influenced by outside factors. In china, many readers like Hemingways works, and many writers learn the writing style of him. there are also many Chinese scholars studying the book For Whom the Bell Tolls, we can know something about the Chinese writers opinion about Hemingways novel and writing style. such as Ti Ti Murong(2013) reported that the war trampled on humanity and people lost their humanity, and strongly attacked the evils of war. Wang Chunxiang(2008,01) wrote a paper aiming at highlighting wars trampling impacts on humanity and profoundly indicted the evil of war. Li Shuxin(2006,02 ) elaborated that the sense of guilt from murdering the hero embodied the goodness of humanity. Hemingway described the tragedy of deteriorated humanity caused by the war and the difficulties associated with this redemption and blamed it on the traditional Catholic faith which had lost its redemptive function. And Jin Hong also in the book Hemingways tragedy consciousness and death knot, analyzed the typical works written by Ernest Hemingway. In Hemingways view, only by restoring people, integrating man between man and nature as the core of the religion, can human beings achieve true salvation. These illustrated the impacts of war on humanity, without considering the effects of family background and education on human nature and human moral character itself.From the art of fiction about the novel, the criticism of the barea is somewhat incorrect ,although For Whom the Bell Tolls described large number of Spanish resident were slaughtered ,strove to death ,deprived their weapons even betrayed( Hemingway 1940: vii) but it is not a war novel of a personal record of the Spanish civil war Hemingway is more concerned about the war violence ruined Spanish which isa strong catholic countries. This caused mental shock and violence caused the crises of faith and the related problem of the spirit of redemption, which means this book is not only related to warfare but also more related to the moral meanning( Baker1972: 408) War makes people lose their humanity and make people who have the power to committed cremes in violation of all principles. 佩尔斯1992: 250).李树欣.外语学刊，2006（02）Though we all believe that war and violence result in the deterioration of humanity, and the scholars studying reflected that human nature was destroyed and trampled by war, they ignored the influence of family and education situation on human nature. Internal cause is the root cause of the development of events, external cause is the prerequisite for development. Family is the first school, and its through education that peoples noble qualities are cultivated. it can be said that family background and educational situation are to blame for the deterioration of humanity. Chapter 4 Human Nature Depicted in the Novel 4.1 Family Background and Education of the Protagonists Protagonist Robert Jordan was an American teacher who taught Spanish, and was influenced by his grandfather, a lifelong republican supporter. Loving his life in Spain, when the Spanish war erupted, Jordan participated in Spanish republic party without hesitation, involved in the fighting against fascism to defend the republic. He had received high level of education. Ansel was just an ordinary man, he helped the guerrillas behind enemy lines in a variety of activities. But its reflected that he was kind-hearted. The real leadership in mountain guerrilla was Pillar who was guerrilla captain Pablos wife. She joined the original Spanish Civil War, she and Pablo were against vigilantes, and eliminated the fascists off into the mountains after guerrilla war. Jordans lover was Maria while his assistant was Ansel, and the facilitator was Pillar. Marias father was a republican mayor. Fascists killed Marys father and mother and then again abused Maria. And on her way to be escorted to the south, she met Pillar who was blowing up the train and she was saved by Pillar. She had a happy family and received high level of education. Pablo was a negative figure. In Hemingways For Whom the Bell Tolls, the guerrilla Pablo didnt like Jordan, he had got the most abundant and complicated character. Before the Spanish Civil War, he was a horse dealer who served for the matador, and at the beginning of the Civil War, he attacked vigilante group and killed the vigilantes.4.2 An Analysis of the Characteristics and Deeds of the ProtagonistsWhen the Spanish war exploded, Jordan participated without hesitation in Spanish Republic Party, involved in the fight against fascism to defend the republic. In the army of the Republic of the organizations counterattack, Jordan was ordered to enter the enemy and destroy the enemys backup of bridge, knowing that it was a difficult mission, but he didnt give up. He overcame the difficulties of natural condition with the help of the guerrillas behind and successfully blew the enemys bridge, but badly wounded in the retreat. Jordan said farewells to his comrades and lover, leaving them alone to pursue the enemy. Conclusion is self-evident. Jordan demonstrated the daredevil spirit with his death. His valiant spirit was sublimated in the final destruction. Jordan was the type of Hemingway hero, who was both different from the communists, and different from the Spanish farmers, the real manifestation, of bourgeois ideology in For Whom the Bell Tolls. Jordan had all the advantages, and Jordan was a sober. Jordan loved the republican cause, clinging to the pursuit of republicanism, even at the expense of life for the sake of the republic, but this kind of love and dedication was buried deeply hidden - heart, compared with the other characters in the works, Jordan was the most sensible, the most calm and awake people, the most mature battler. Among many characters in For Whom the Bell Tolls, in addition to Maria and Joaquin, Jordan was the youngest, but young does not mean that childish, Jordan showed its agility in many aspect and he was very clever. Jordan followed the old man Ansel and joined in the guerrilla, he was smartly realized the danger about their mission. especially the leader of the guerrilla Paolo who had strong sense of hostility. So Jordan wanted to change the strange and remote relationship with Pablo .Therefore, he appreciated the horse of Pablo against his will by finding out the tiny different between the five horse. Jordan believed the old people Ansel like the chief trust the old sliders. Jordan observed and persuade Ansel all the time. They not only had the relationship like leader and soldiers but also the relationship like teacher and student. Pablo quarreled fiercely with guerrillas at hole at the first night. Although Jordan was a listener, he had no internal debate in the guerrillas, and was the main character of the cave. Pillar made a comment on Jordan, you are a cool guy. Jordan was sober and rational, and was different from dull farmers and fanatical communists. He had his own position and views, not affected by other factors. He was, as it were, with a bourgeois consciousness of independence and selflessness in the heaven and the earth. Ansel was one of Hemingways strive to depict the characters. He was not guerrillas, he was responsible for the contact between the republic and the guerrillas . He led Robert Jordan into mountain, and connected the guerrillas on the mountain. He was Jordans loyal supporter, carrying out the orders of Jordan without hesitations. Three days in the mountains, Ansels helped Jordan all the time, asked for the information about the enemy, and finally helped Jordan to blow up the bridge. Due to the destruction of Pablo, Jordan cant use dent detonated explosives, and had to use grenades instead. As a result, close blasting took the old mans life. Ansel MO, a sixty-eight-year-old man, quietly lying on the loyal to the republic, passed away silently. For Ansel MO, as many of the figures in For Whom the Bell Tolls, there are two types of performances. One is the action of Ansel, one is the thinking Ansel. as an old man devoting to the protection of justice, to defending the government of the republic in the war. He, not like many people of the same age, had given up everything, and was ready to spend his twilight years. Ansels fight not only in frontline and but also in postwar. He was a fighter, a battler for justice, and a loyal republican guard.Ansel was not merely a real fighter, he was also a thinking man. Ansel MO had a basic line for the world, this was the difference between the world of people and the world of beast. Ansel MO was a hunter, whose lifetime was spent in dealing with a beast; his attitude towards the beast was determined. As a hunter, he felt happy and proud. But Ansel MO with only one standard in treating people. The standard to a man is a common, abstract meaning, it has no absolute class distinction. According to Ansel, people is a whole unity, as a reference in the works of John Halls poetry. He was determined to kill the beast but he was not a murderer. He thinks that people should love each other mutually, and he was opposed to slaughter between people, its because of the existence of the fascist became the ancient time, people killing each other with impunity. We should win the war, not to shoot anyone. We should govern rightly. Everyone should be based on his contribution to share the social welfare. For those who are against us, and shall be educated about their past mistake.Murder is merely a tool for victory, and cannot be adopted after a success. We should make full use of the strength of the labor to change the enemy, which is a reflection of Ansel MOs human nature. Faced with the powerful enemy, especially during the war, this kind of thinking had gone beyond the limit of all the classes, and further up to a new level with pure and ideal humanistic features. As the perspective of consciousness, Ansel MO in For Whom the Bell Tolls was the standard of judging the humanity. The real leadership in mountain guerrilla was Pillar who was guerrilla captain Pablos wife. She joined the original Spanish Civil War. She and Pablo were against vigilantes, and eliminated the fascists off into the mountains after