生理学(留学生).doc

Teaching Outline of Physiology（for for the MBBS students）Physiology, a branch of biology, is the science of fundamental mechanisms of living organisms. The task of medical student is learning how to diagnose and treat diseases, so they had to learn the functions of normal human body at first. Our course is focused on human physiology and introduces the functions of human body in three different levels (entire body, organ and cell/molecule). By learning Physiology, students can easily understand pharmacology, pathology and other clinical courses. Chapter 1 IntroductionYou need to know the following content:1.concept of physiology2.method of physiological research3.control systems of the bodyYou need to know well the following content:1.regulation of body functions:1)nervous regulation2) humoral regulation3) autoregulationYou need to hold the following content:1.basal behave of life1) metabolism2) excitability3) adaptability 4) ernal environment and homeostasis Chapter 2 Basic functions of cellsYou need to know the following content:1.chemical component and molecular structure of cell membrane2.excitation and changes in excitability after excitation 3.major form of signal transmission between the cells: chemical signals4. signal transmission mediated by G protein-linked receptor5.the characteristic of signal transmission in nerve fiberYou need to know well the following content:1.mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction and its regulation:2. relation of velocity of contraction to load3.effect of contractility on muscle contraction4.characteristics of whole muscle contraction 5.mechanics of skeletal muscle contractionYou need to hold the following content:1.transport of substances through the cell membrane:1)simple diffusion2) facilitated diffusion3) active transport4)endocytosis and exocytosis2.concept of excitability and excitation3.concept and mechanism of the resting potential 4.concept and mechanism of the action potential 5.the characteristic of ions channel6.concept of the threshold potential and local excitation7.transformation of local excitation into the action potential8.the characteristic and mechanism of transmission of impulses from nerves to skeletal muscle fibersChapter 3 BloodYou need to know the following content:1.the functions of duction of red blood cells and its regulation3.destruction of red blood cellsYou need to know well the following content:1.composition of blood2.physical and chemical characteristics of blood1)suspension stability of red blood cells2) viscosity of blood plasma3)pH of blood plasma 3.normal concentration of blood cells in the bloodYou need to hold the following content:1. blood osmotic pressure1) formation of crystal osmotic pressure and its physiological significance2) formation of colloid osmotic pressure and its physiological significance2. Events in hemostasis1) Intrinsic pathway2) Extrinsic pathway3. Blood coagulation6. Effect of the platelet on hemostasis and blood coagulation 7. Blood typeChapter 4 CirculationYou need to know the following content:1.the mechanism and significance of the first heart sound and the second heart sound2. the definition of cardiac reserve3. the classification of cardiocyte4. the normal electrocardiogram5. the structure and functional properties of different category blood vessel6. the definition, organization and function of microcirculation7. the production and circumfluence of lymph fluid and its significance8. cardiovascular centerYou need to know well the following content:1. the evaluation of cardiac blood-pumping function1) stroke volume and cardiac minute volume2) ejection fraction 3) cardiac minute volume including resting cardiac index3. The regulation of cardiac blood-pumping function1) preload2)afterload3) cardiac muscle contractibility4. mechanism of autorhythmicity of sinus node cells and Purkinjes cells5. Autorhythmicity of the cardiac muscle1) determination and the influencing factor of myocardial autorhythmicity2) The rank difference of myocardial autorhythmicity and its mechanisms6. Conductibility of the cardiac muscle1) the path and properties of excitation conveying2) the determination and the influencing factor of myocardial excitation conveying7. the influencing factor of arterial blood pressure8. venous blood pressure and venous return1) significance of peripheral venous pressure and central venous pressure2) the influencing factor of venous return9. the production process and influencing factor of interstitial fluid10. The regulation of cardiovascular activity1) function of cardiac sympathetic nerve and cardiac vagus nerve2) The definition, distribution and function of vasoconstrictor nerve fibre11. humoral regulationYou need to hold the following content:1.the definition, formation mechanism and properties of cardiac working cell2. the definition, formation mechanism and properties of autorhythmic cell 1) Purkinjes cells2) sinus node cells3. the definition of cardiac cycle4. the change of the central intracavity pressure, volume, the open and close of valve and the direction of blood current5. the definition, formation mechanism and properties of cardiac working cell6. The properties of myocardial excitability1) the determination and the influencing factor of myocardial excitability2) the cyclical variation of the cardiac muscle3) the relationship between the excitatoty cyclical variation and contraction action of the cardiac muscle7. the formative mechanism of arterial blood pressure8. pressosensitivity reflex of carotid sinus and aortic baroreflex1) the type and adequate stimulus of arterial baroreceptor2) the process of reflex3) significance of pressosensitivity reflexChapter 5 RespirationYou need to know the following content:1.Physiological significance of respiration2.Four major functional events of respiration3. pleural cavity4. elastic resistance of thoracic cage5. inertial resistance and viscous resistance6. work of breathingYou need to know well the following content:1. pulmonary volumes:1) tidal volume2)inspiratory reserve volume3)expiratory reserve volume4)residual volume2. diffusion capacity of lung3.transport of oxygen in the blood 1) characteristic of combination of oxygen with hemoglobin2)oxygen dissociation curve3) factors that affect the oxygen dissociation curve4)characteristic of combination of CO with hemoglobin4. transport of carbon dioxide in the blood1) forms in which carbon dioxide is transported2) carbon dioxide dissociation curve3) effect of combination of oxygen with hemoglobin on carbon dioxide transportYou need to hold the following content:1. dynamic of pulmonary ventilation2. changes intrapulmonary pressure during respiration3. intrapleural pressure and its changes during respiration4. elastic resistance of lung5. pulmonary surfactant and its function6. pulmonary capacities1) inspiratory capacity2) functional residual capacity3) vital capacity4) timed vital capacity5)total lung capacity7. minute ventilation volume, dead space and alveolar ventilation8. chemical control of respiration:1) chemoreceptor2)effects of Pco2, pH, Po2 on alveolar ventilation and their composite effects on alveolar ventilationChapter 6 Digestion and absorptionYou need to know the following content:1.Gastrointestinal innervation2. Mastication and swallowing3. Movement of the large intestine4. Defecation reflexes5. Intestinal bacteriaYou need to know well the following content:1. The characteristic, composition and function of saliva2. Regulation of salivary secretion3. Mechanism of acid secretion4. Basic mechanism of absorptionYou need to hold the following content:1. the concept of digestion and absorption2.the general characteristic and electrical activity of gastrointestinal smooth muscle3. physiological effect of gastrointestinal hormones4. concept of brain-gut peptide5. the characteristic, composition and function of gastric secretion :effect of hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, mucus, intrinsic factors6. regulation of gastric secretion:1) Basic factors that stimulate gastric secretion 2) The three phases of gastric secretion during a meal 3)Inhibition of gastric secretion7. Motor function of the stomach:1) Receptive relaxation2) Peristalsis3) Tonic contraction4) Stomach emptying and its regulation8. the composition and effect of pancreatic secretion9. regulation of pancreatic secretion by nervous and hormonal mechanism10. the characteristic, composition and function of bile11. regulation of biliary secretion and emptying12. enterohepatic circulation of bile saltChapter 7 Energy metabolism and Body temperatureYou need to know the following content:1. concept of energy metabolism2. direct calorimetry 3. physiological variation of the body temperatureYou need to know well the following content:1. behavioral control of temperature. 2. Clinical significance of basal metabolism rate (BMR)You need to hold the following content:1. Principle of indirect calorimetry:1)Thermal equivalent of food2) Thermal equivalent of oxygen3)Respiratory quotient (RQ): 4)Non-protein respiratory quotient(NPRQ)5)Calculate energy metabolism rate2. factors that affect the energy metabolism 3. concept of basal metabolism rate4. concept of body temperature, normal body temperature5. heat production1) process of heat production2)regulation of heat production6.heat loss 1) process of heat loss2) mechanisms of heat loss from the body3)regulation of heat loss7. regulation of body temperature1)autoregulation of body temperature2) thermoreceptor3) Thermoregulatory Center4)Concept of “set point” for temperatureChapter 8 Urinary Formation and MicturitionYou need to know the following content:1. The conception and means of maturation2.The anatomy characteristic of the kidneyYou need to know well the following content:1. The regulation of renal blood flow2. The conception of plasma clearance3. The theatrical and clinical significance of measuring plasma clearance4. Mictruition reflexYou need to Hold the following content:1. The filtration function of glomerulus1) Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and filtration fraction2) Filtration membrane and its permeability3)Effective filtration pressure4) Factors that can effect GFR2. The reabsorption function of renal tubular and collecting duct The reabsorption of Na+, Cl-, HCO3-, H2O, K+, and glucose 3. The secretion function of renal tubular and collecting duct The secretion of H+, NH3, and K+4. Factors that can effect the excretion function of tubular and collecting duct5. Mechanism of urine concentration and dilution1)The formation mechanism of renal medulla osmotic gradient, and the relation between osmotic gradient and urine concentration and dilution2)The function of vasa recta in maintaining the medulla osmotic gradientChapter 9 The functions of sense organsYou need to know the following content:1. Types of receptor, and modulation to the sensitivity of receptor2.The abnormal of eye refractory system3. The structure characteristic of retina4. Blindness spot5. Information processing in retina6.Electroretimogram7. Color blindness and color weakness8. Binocular vision and stereoscopic vision9. Function of outer ear10. Bioelectsicity and microphone potential of cochlea, and action potential of the auditory nerveYou need to know well the following content:1.The general features of receptor: adequate stimulus, energy converting, encoding, and adaptation2. Pupil and capillary light reflex3. Light adaptation and dark adaptation4. Visual fieldYou need to hold the following content:1. Function of lens system.2. Parameters of reduced eye3. Accomodation of eye.4. Visual acuity5. Rods and cones system in retina6. Light sensation and energy converting function of rods: 1) The photochemical reaction of rhodopsin2)Microstructure of outer segments of rods and photo-electricity converting7. Color vision8. Sound conducting function of outer and middle ear. 9. Function of tympanic membrane and ossicular chain10. Sound sensing and energy converting function of conchlea11. Traveling wave theoryChapter 10 Nerve systemYou need to know the following content:1. The conducting characteristic and mechanism of nerve fiber2. The classification of nerve fiber3. Gap junction4. Non-synapse chemical transport5. The trophic effect of neuron6. Function of neuroglia7. Feedback regulation to reflex8.Sense conduction of the spinal cord9. The pain sense of the skin and its transport pathway10. Motor neuron and motion unit11. Spinal shock12. Function of muscle spindle and tendon organ13. The spinal cord regulation to internal organ14. Conception and function of limbic system 15. Conditioned reflex16. The process and mechanism of studying and memory17. The language function of cerebral cortexYou need to know well the following content:1. Coexist of neurotransmitter2. Receptor and the classification of receptor3. The excitatory conducting feature in the central part of the reflex arc4. Flexor reflex and contralateral extensor reflex 5. The function and dysfunction of basal ganglion 6. Motor area of the cerebral cortex, extrapyramidal system and pyramidal system7. The regulating function of lower brain-stem to internal organs8. Electroenciphalogram and evoked cortical potential9. The classification, significance and forming mechanism of brain wave10. Maintain of the arousal state11. Phases of sleep: slow wave sleep and fast wave sleepYou need to hold the following content:1. Contact and classification of synapse2. The basic structure of synapse3.Theory of synapse conducting, excitatory postsynaptic potential, inhibitory postsynaptic potential.4. Postsynaptic inhibition (afferent collateral inhibition and recurrent inhibition)5. Presynaptic inhibition6. Conception of reflex, reflex arc7. Conception of nerve center 8. Sense analysis function of thalamus, specific and nonspecific projection system.9. Classic sense conduction system10. Ascending activating system of brain stem reticular structure 11. Features of visceral pain and referred pain12. Stretch reflex: tendon reflex and muscular tension13. Facilitated and inhibited area of reticular structure 14. Decerebrate rigidity, -rigidity and -rigidityChapter 11 Endocrine systemYou need to know the following content:1. Transportation means of hormone 2. Classification and chemical nature of hormone 3. The synthesis, storage, release, transportation and metabolism of hormone4. Relation between humoral and neural regulation5. The function of the hypothalamus peptide neuron6. Types of adenohypophysis hormone and neurohypophysis hormone7. Synthesis of adrenal medullary hormone8. Cell types of islets of pancreas, types of islets of pancreas hormones, effect and mechanism of insulinYou need to know well the following content:1. Effect and mechanism of hormone 2. Functional connection between hypothalamus and adenohypophysis3. Types and function of hypothalamus regulatory peptide4. Biological effect and secrete regulation of prolactin and oxytocin5. The synthesis, storage, release, transportation and metabolism of thyroid hormone6. Parathyroid hormone , its biological effect, and the regulation of secretion7. Hydroxy, biological effect and resource of Vit D38. Biological effect of calcitonin and the secretion regulationYou need to hold the following conten