高中英语语法 ：倒装 —— 详细讲解.doc

高中英语语法 ：倒装 详细讲解倒装是一种语法手段，用于表示一定的句子结构或强调某一句子成分。倒装句有两种：完全倒装和部分倒装。 1. 完全倒装1) 完全倒装即把整个谓语放到主语之前（是整个谓语动词，而非助动词）。 例如：In came the teacher and the class began. （老师走了进来，然后开始上课。） 2) there引出的完全倒装句：除了最常见的there be句型以外，there还可以接appear, exist, lie, remain, seem to be, stand等，一般都译成有的含义，构成完全倒装句。 例如：There appeared to be a man in black in the distance.（远处有个穿黑色衣服的人。） 3) 由地点和时间副词引出的完全倒装句：以地点副词here, there和时间副词now, then 开头，后面的动词是be, come, exist, fall, follow, go, lie, remain, seem, stand等，而主语又是名词时，构成完全倒装句。Up climbed the boy when his mother came. 4）表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词且主语是名词时使用完全倒装 5)在强调状语时1）当句首状语为方位词或拟声词，谓语动词为go, come等表示位置转移的动词时句子须倒装。例如： 1 Up went the plane. 2 In came the chairman and the meeting began. 注：如果主语是代词则不发生倒装。例如： 1 Out they rushed! 2 Lower and lower he bent. (2) 当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时，句子须倒装。例如： 1 Round the corner walked a large policeman. 2Under the table was lying a half-conscious young man. 3 当句首状语由“only +副词”，“only +介词词组”，“only +状语从句”构成时，句子须倒装。例如： 1 Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing. 2 Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end. （6）当句首状语为here, there, now, then等时，句子须倒装，主语是代词时，句子不用倒装。例如： 1）Here is a ticket for you. 2）Now comes your turn. 3）Here he comes. （7）以关联词so (that)开头的句子中，句子须倒装。例如： 1）So small was the mark that I could hardly see it. 2）So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they were given a bonus. 3）So much does he worry about his financial position that he cant sleep at night. 注：在该结构中，“so +形容词”是表语的前置；“so +副词”是状语的前置。 4在直接引语之后 在叙事性书面语中，直接引语后常跟asked Mary, answered John, said the old lady, grunted Peter之类的词语。在这些 词语中，动词常的主语之前，主语是代词时，不用倒装。例如： 1）“What do you mean?” asked Henry. 2）“What do you mean?” he asked. 5. often, many a time等表示频度的状语置于句首时 例如：Often did they think of going there, but they never had a chance. 12在as, though引导的让步状语从句中 在as, though引导的让步状语从句中，一般将形容词、副词或名词等置于句首。例如： 1）Small as the atom is, we can smash it. 2）Big as the workpiece is, it is turned out with Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轰炸机肚底下窜出一枚导弹。 Out he rushed. 注意： 1) 在here, there引出的倒装句中，当主语是普通名词时用完全倒装句，但当主语是代词时，就要用部分倒装句。 例：Here comes the postman!（邮递员终于来了！注意实意谓语动词位于主语之前。） Here we are.（我们到了。注意系动词位于主语代词之后。） 2) 当主语是代词，谓语是系动词，表语是说明性的词、词组和定语从句时，可以使用完全倒装句，起强调作用。 例：Lucky is he who has been enrolled into a famous university.（他真幸运，被一所名牌大学录取了。） Typical for China is the crosstalk show where a pair of comedians entertains the audience with word play.（中国典型的是相声表演，两个喜剧演员通过文字游戏逗乐观众） 2. 部分倒装1) 部分倒装即只把谓语的一部分（如助动词、情态动词等）放到主语前，或把句子的强调成分提前。 Nor did he let the disease stop him from living the kind of life he has always dreamt about（疾病没有使他放弃过上梦想中的生活） 2) 以否定词开头的句子要求部分倒装。注意下列句子中助动词或情态动词提前、甚至补充助动词的用法： 例：Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.（小约翰直到昨天才改变了主意。） In no country other than Britain, it had been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.（据说除了英国世界上没有哪个国家能让人在一天中感受到四季变化） 3) 以否定副词开头并加状语放在句首的句子要求部分倒装。这些否定副词有barely, hardly, little, seldom, scarcely when, never, no sooner than, rarely, no more, not nearly, not only等以及only。 Only in the country can you learn the “true English”. 4）一些如scarcelywhen, no sooner than, hardlywhen引导的主从复合句主句要求使用过去完成式。 注意：在部分倒装句中，只有助动词、情态动词或连系动词to be可以置于主语之前，其它部分都要置于主语之后。 5）此外，一些介词+no+名词的结构中需要用部分倒装，这些结构包括at no time; by no means; by no manner of means; for no reason; in no case; in/under no circumstances; in no sense; in no way; on no account; on no consideration; at no point例如Under no circumstances should you lend Paul any money. 注意： a) 如果含有从句时，只要求主句倒装：例：Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.（只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。） b) 如果上述否定副词出现在强调句型中的前半部分，不用倒装： 例： It was not until he went abroad that he know the truth of the fact.（直到他出国以后才了解到事实真相。） c) 如果hardly, scarcely后面接的是any, ever, at all时，意义类似almost no/ not/ never（几乎不、从不），则无须倒装。 例：Hardly any people having been invited went there.（几乎没有什么受到邀请的人去那里了。） 6) 由no matter how, however和how引导的状语从句要求部分倒装，因为形容词或副词通常紧跟在这三个引导词后面，然后才是主语和谓语，形成形式上的部分倒装句： 例：I know nothing about this river, neither how long, how wide nor how deep it is.（我一点也不了解这条河，不知道它有多长，多宽或多深。） 7) 由as引导的部分倒装句： a) 当as作为比较意义时，即用于as + adj./ adv. + as结构中时，如果把第一个as省略掉，就形成部分倒装句。 例：Cautious as the rest of her family (was) , she didnt seem willing to give an immediate reply to my question.（正如她家里人一样谨慎小心，她似乎不愿意立即回答我的问题。） She charged the stairs, quick as a rabbit (ran).（她跑上楼去，跑得象兔子那么快！） b) 当 as引导让步状语时，和although, though一样，当用作“尽管”之义时，可以用于部分倒装句。 Hard as he worked, he did not pass the exam.(虽然他很用功，但他还是没及格) c) 表示原因时，为了强调起见，也可以倒装。 例：Tired as he was, we decided not to disturb him.（因为他太累了，我们决定不打扰他。） d) 等于so时，意义是“也，也是” 例：She worked hard, so/ as did her husband. （她工作很努力，她的丈夫工作也很努力。） 3. so, neither, nor倒装除了构成上述倒装句以外，还可以取代上文出现的名词、形容词甚至整句话，构成完全倒装句或部分倒装句。但这两种倒装的意义不同。 a) 当so表示“也，相同，那样”时，通常表示对前一句肯定句的赞同、一致内容，要求使用完全倒装句： He promised to finish my homework, so did I. b) so /such that句型可以构成部分倒装句，表示强调so /such和that之间的部分： 例：So selfish was she that everyone avoid talking with her. c)也存在such+be+主语的情况用以强调，例如Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements.(阿尔伯特爱因斯坦是一个有伟大成就的普通人) d) neither和nor共有4种倒装形式，其含义分别为： 1) 完全倒装时：表示也不，和上文a）用法正好相反，表示对前一句否定句的赞同或一致内容。 例：You dont know what to do now, neither/ nor do I .（你不知道现在该做什么，我也不知道。） 2) 和其它否定副词连用，表示也（不），也要求用完全倒装句： 例：The besieged enemy could not advance, nor / neither retreat could they .（被包围的敌人既不能进，也不能退。） 注意：若把这句话改成：The besieged enemy could neither advance nor retreat.（被包围的敌人既不能进，也不能退。）就不必倒装。 She never laughed, nor did she ever lose her temper. 3) 用在肯定句里，构成一般否定倒装： 例：All that is true, nor must we forget it.（那全都是真的，我们可不能忘记。） 4. 部分倒装有承上启下作用，表示同意和赞同： 例：A: I couldnt do anything for her.（我帮不了她。） B: Nor you could, but you might have got somebody to help her.（你是不能帮她，但你本可以找人帮她的。） 2) 在进行比较的句子里，如果主语不是代词时，可以倒装： 例：America consumes more energy than did our country.（美国消耗的能源比我们国家多。） 3）在某些表示祝愿的句型中要求倒装。如May you happy. 4）在文学作品中常出现倒装，有些是由于语法习惯，有些是为了简单的修辞，如Not even one cloud will I bring away（不带走一片云彩）. 5.不用倒装的地方注:如果only后面的词组不是状语,则不用倒装. Only Wang Ling knows this . 如果直接引语后注明引语是什么人说的，而且主语是名词时，用倒装结构；主语是代词时，一般不用倒装。 Let go , said the man .倒 装 英语的基本语序是“主语+谓语”，如果将谓语的一部分或全部放在主语之前，这种语序叫倒装。倒装既是一种语法手段，也是一种修辞手段，用于表示一定的句子结构或强调某一句子成分。一 倒装的原因A. 语法倒装由于语法结构的需要，将谓语的全部或一部分移到主语之前。 1 一般疑问句 当我们把一个肯定句转变为疑问句时，常把肯定句中的助动词或情态动词放在句首。这类助动词或情态动词包括：be， have， can， do， shall， will， may， must， dare， need， ought或 used 等。 He will do it. Will he do it 他会做这件事吗？ This is my mobile phone number. Is this your mobile phone number？ 这是你的手机号码吗？ 提示： 如果肯定句中没有助动词或情态动词时， 我们可以在句首用do 的某种形式，以构成倒装语序。 Jack likes to eat fish. 杰克喜欢吃鱼。 Does Jack like to eat fish 杰克喜欢吃鱼吗？ 2 特殊疑问句 特殊疑问句的构成：特殊疑问词 + 一般疑问句 What does he like to eat 他喜欢吃什么？ When will they go to the Great Wall 他们什么时候去长城？ Where did you go last night 昨晚你去哪里了？ 提示：如果疑问代词在句中做主语，句子不要倒装。 Who is not coming to dinner tonight 今晚谁不来吃饭？ 3. 反意问句 在反意问句中，用一般疑问句的形式，前后两分句的主语，人称要一致。前一分句是肯定，反意问句用否定形式，并一定要缩写；前一分句是否定, 反意问句用肯定形式。 Everything is ready, isnt it 一切都准备好了，是吗？ Bobbie seldom got drunk, did he 博比很少喝醉，是吗？ You had a wonderful time last night, didnt you 昨天晚上你玩得很愉快，是吗？ 4感叹句 英语中的感叹句有时也通过倒装的形式来表达。 Here comes Santa Clause! 圣诞老人来啦！（谓语前置） What bad manners they have! 他们真没礼貌！（宾语前置） How happy the children are！孩子们多么幸福啊！（表语前置） 5. 某些含有“really”意义的简短表达，也用倒装语序，但它们并不需要任何回答。 - Elsa saw a snake last night. 埃尔莎昨天晚上看到一条蛇。 - Did she 真的吗？ - Our new boss is very easygoing. 我们的新老板人很随和。 - Is he 是吗？ - Philip has already finished his report. 菲利普已经完成了他的报告。 - Has he 真的吗？ 6以引导词there引起的陈述句 There was nobody in the room. 房间里没有人。 In the valley there lies a river. 山谷里有一条河。 There is no harm in trying. 不妨一试。 7虚拟条件句 在虚拟语气中，如果不用if，且从句中有were, had, should等助动词，需将助动词were, had, should放在句首，用倒装语序。 If I were a bird, I could fly freely. Were I a bird, I could fly freely. 假如我是一只小鸟，我就能自由翱翔。 If I had known it earlier, I would have lent him the money. Had I known it earlier, I wouldn誸 have lent him the money. 要是我早知道这件事，我就不会把钱借给他了 表示祝愿的一些句子 Long live peace! 和平万岁！ May our friendship be ever lasting! 愿我们的友谊长存！ 8直接引语的一部分或全部放在句首时 You should have been here five minutes ago,said the teacher. 老师说：“你5分钟之前就该来了。” Douglas,said the teacher, do be careful next time.“道格拉斯，”老师说道，“下次一定要小心。” B. 修辞倒装 为了突出重要的内容，或为了生动地描写动作，人们往往采用修辞倒装。 1为了强调 Never before have we seen such a sight. 以前我们从来没有见过这样的情景。 Only in this way can we learn English well. 只有用这种方法，我们才能学好英语。 Selfish does our life make us students. 是生活把我们的学生变得如此自私。 2为了生动流畅 Up went the rocket into the sky. 嗖的一声火箭上了天。 Before us lay a lot of difficulties. 我们面前有很多困难。 Happy are those who are contented. 知足者常乐。 Next came a man in his forties. 接下去进来一个四十多岁的男人。 Long did we wait before hearing from her. 我们等了很久才收到她的信。 C. 一些句型的固定用法 Such were his last words. 他最后的话就是这样。 Hardly had I got home when the telephone rang. 我一到家，电话就响了。 How came it that she knew the secret 她怎么会知道那个秘密的？二 倒装的种类 英语最基本的词序是主语在谓语动词的前面。如果将句子的主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，这称之为完全倒装。如果只将助动词或情态动词移至主语之前，谓语的其他部分仍保留在主语的后面，这称之为部分倒装。 A. 完全倒装 完全倒装是将谓语的全部放在主语之前，此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时两种。 On her left sat her husband. 她左边坐着她丈夫。 Here is the book you want. 你要的书在这儿。 Down went the small boat. 小船沉下去了。 B. 部分倒装 部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分，如助动词或情态动词，移至主语之前。 Only by working hard can one succeed. 只有努力才能成功。 Never have I seen her before. 我以前没见过她。 提示：如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。 Well do I remember the day I joined the League.入团的那一天，我记忆犹新。 Little did I think that he could be back alive 我没有想到他竟能活着回来。二、常见的倒装结构A. 常见的完全倒装结构 1there be 句型。 There is a mobile phone and some books on the desk. 桌上有一个手机和一些书。 There are thousands of people gathering on the square. 广场上聚集着成千上万的人 注意 引导词there 还可以接appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, stand, live 等词。 There lived an old fisherman in the village. 村里住着一位老渔夫。 There stand two white houses by the river. 河滨矗立着两座白房子。 There existed some doubt among the students. 学生中有些怀疑。 2用于here, there, now, thus, then + 动词 + 主语的句型中（谓语动词多为be, go, come等）。 Here comes the bus汽车来了。 There goes the bell. 铃响了。 Now comes my turn. 轮到我了。 Then came the order to take off. 起飞的命令到了。 3以out, in, up, down, off, away等副词开头，谓语动词是表示“移动”的go, come, leave等句子里。 Away went the crowd one by one. 人们一个一个地离去。 In came a stranger in black. 进来了一位穿黑衣的陌生人。 Down fell the leaves. 树叶掉了下来。 注意在完全倒装的结构里,如果主语是人称代词,则用正常语序。 Out she went. 她走了。 Here we are. 我们到了。 4表示地点的介词词组位于句首，谓语动词是表示“存在”之意的be, lie, stand, exist等句子中。 South of the lake lies a big supermarket. 湖泊的南边是一个大超市。 20 miles east of our school lies a modern swimming pool. 我们学校向东20英里有一个现代化的游泳池。 On the floor were piles of old books, magazines and newspapers. 地板上是一堆堆旧的书报杂志。 5. “表语+连系动词+主语”结构。 Lucky is she who was admitted to a famous university last year. 她很幸运，去年被一所名牌大学录取。 Gone are the days when he was looked down upon. 他被人看不起的日子一去不复返了。 Present at the meeting are some well-known scientists. 一些知名的科学家出席了会议。B. 常见的部分倒装结构 1. 含有否定意义的副词或连词（如not, seldom, little, hardly, never, rarely, nowhere等）放在句首时。 He can not speak a single word of English. Not a single word of English can he speak. 他连一个英语单词都不会说。 He cares little about his clothes. Little does he care about his clothes. 他不在乎穿着。 I have never seen him before. Never have I seen him before. Never before have I seen him. 我以前没见过他。 The mother didnt leave the room until the child fell asleep. Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 孩子睡着了，妈妈才离开房间。(Not until引出的主从复合句中，主句倒装，从句不倒装。) Churchill was not only a statesman, but a poet Not only was Churchill a statesman, but a poet. 丘吉尔不仅是个政治家，而且还是个诗人。 I shall by no means give up. By no means shall I give up. 我决不放弃。 必背：表示“刚就的倒装结构 Hardly had he started to leave when it began to rain. 他刚要离开，天就下起了雨。 Scarcely had he sat down when his mobile phone rang. 他刚坐下，手机就响了。 No sooner had he handed in his paper than he realized his mistakes. 他刚交卷就意识到出错了。 2. 副词only +状语放在句首时。 Only then did I see life was not easy. 只有那时我才知道生活是不易的。 Only in this way can you use the computer well. 只有用这种方法你才能把电脑学好。 Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed. 只有他病重时，他才待在床上。（only+状语从句，从句不倒装，主句倒装） 3. so作“也”讲时，引导的句子用倒装语序，表示前面所说的肯定情况也适用于另一人(或物)。其句型是：So + be（have，助动词或情态动词）+主语。 She has been to Tokyo. So have I. 她去过东京，我也去过。 He can send emails to his former classmates. So can she. 他能电子邮件给以前的同学，她也能。 He went to the film last night. So did I. 昨天晚上他去看电影了，我也去了。 注意：如果对前面所说的内容，加以肯定，或不作“也”讲而只起连词作用，表示一种结果的意思，那不倒装。 - Jack won the first prize in the contest. 杰克在比赛中获一等奖。 - So he did. 确实是的。 - It is cold today. 今天很冷。 - So it is and so was it yesterday. 确实是很冷，昨天也很冷。 His mother told him to go to the film. So he did. 他母亲叫他去看电影，他就去了。 4neithernor引导的句子用倒装语序，用于对前面所说的否定内容表示同样的看法。 She won誸 go. NeitherNor will I. 她不走，我也不。 I cannot swim. Neither can he . 我不会游泳，他也不会。 注意：如果前面所说的内容既有肯定又有否定，或前后的谓语动词形式不一致时，用“It is the same with +主语”结构或用“So it is with +主语”结构。 He worked hard, but didnt pass the exam. So it was with his sister. 他很努力，但没有通过考试。他妹妹也是这样。（既有肯定又有否定） She is a teacher and she enjoys teaching. So it is with Mr Li. 她是老师，热爱教书。李先生也是这样。（谓语一个是系动词，一个是行为动词） 5. “so.that.和“such.that.”结构中的so或such位于句首时。 He was so excited that he could not say a word. So excited was he that he could not say a word. 他如此激动以至于一句话都说不出来。 His anger was such that he lost control of himself. Such was his anger that he lost control of himself. 他是如此地生气，以至于他不能控制自己了。 6一些表示频率的副词（如many a time, often等）位于句首时。 I have seen her taking a walk alone many a time. Many a time have I seen her taking a walk alone. 我多次看到她独自一人在散步。 She often came to my house in the past. Often did she come to my house in the past. 过去她常到我家来。 7表示方式、程度的副词位于句首时。 Well do I remember the day when I joined the League. 我对入团的那一天还记忆犹新。 Gladly would I accept your proposal. 我很高兴接受你的建议。 8非谓语动词 + be + 主语。 Covering much of the earths surface is a blanket of water. 覆盖地球大部分表面的是水。 Also discussed were the problems we had met with in our studies. 同时还讨论了我们在学习中碰到的问题。 First to unfold was the map of the world. 首先要打开的是世界地图。B. 常见的其他形式的倒装结构 1宾语位于句首表示强调 The past one can know, but the future one can only feel. 一个人可以明知过去，但只能感悟未来。 What Julia did I cannot imagine. 我想象不出朱莉娅做了什么。 2the .more. the more .结构中的倒装 The harder you work, the happier you feel. 你越努力工作，就越觉得快乐。（表语提前） The more you study, the more you know. 你学得越多，就明白越多。（宾语提前） 提示： 有时从句倒装，主句不倒装。 I like the painting better the more I look at it. 我越