快步英语笔记.doc

快步英语笔记快步英语笔记一、音标表（语音大表）1、英语发音特点：（1）元音多为后舌音（舌根音不张嘴才发得准）；（2）元音发音相近细腻（与汉语拼音a、o、e区别很大）；（3）卷舌元音均用纵卷舌（分双连音、三连音）；（4）辅音有很多调整音（怎么顺口怎么发）；（5）舌尖强挤压辅音柔化处理（j、q、x为dZ、tS、S）。17 2、音标表。i:eiABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWeYZ:ixyzpqrstuv二、发音方法及音标规律。（一）元音1、单元音：i:舌尖抵住下齿，舌前部向硬鄂尽量抬起，双唇偏平分开，做微笑状。舌与唇肌拉紧，将这个音发出来并拉长。ea:eat/East/each /meat/seat/heat/dream /seae:even/key /sheee:eel /feed /tree/freei比i:要稍低，嘴唇张开放松，舌头不必绷紧，尽力将音发得短而清晰。e:eleven /pretty/because i:is/ill/important /big/sick/little/economic/stilly:symbol/ funny/happy/pretty/manyThe little kid will fix his little ship.E:、E这两个发音在口的中间位置完成，舌侧触及牙齿，舌的中间部位向下靠近下颚，舌片及舌尖卷曲，使得尾音r化。E:是重读时的音标，E是非重读时的音标。E:er: her/prefer/perfectear:early/earth/earn/learnor: work/ur:turn/urgentir: girl/sir/first/stir ere:were/E:a: ago/again/away/career/Americaou:famous/dangerouse: dangerous/accident/urgent/opener: sister/after/later/supero: opinion /commonal: allowBirds of feather flock together.U:、U将舌根抬起并绷紧，舌尖离开下齿，嘴唇呈圆形，双唇收圆，稍向前突出。U舌位稍低，舌头放松，嘴唇略圆，避免将它发成中元音的E。U:： oo: soon/cool/moon/toou: usual/music/fluo: who/tomb/twoew: few/new/viewo-e、oo-e、oe: shoe/move/chooseou、ough: soup/you/throughu-e、ue、eu: rule/blue/neutralui: suit/fruit/juiceU:ou: would/oo: book/good/look/cooku: full/push/sugaroul: could/should/wouldThe news is too good to be true.O:、O先发A:音然后将舌身再稍稍向后缩，双唇稍稍收圆（不要突出），即可发出这两个音。O音舌后部抬得要高，双唇收得更圆更小，并须用力向前突出。O:a: all/almost/alway(s)o: offer/wrongau: cause/author/faultal: walk/talk/already/aw: saw/straw/raw/awful/flawless/lawor: orange/forward/forou: ought/bought/O:o: option/often/office/off/hot/job/stopAll the boys are talking about how they lost the football game.Q双唇向两旁平伸，成扁平形，舌尖抵下齿，上下齿之间可容纳食指和中指，发音时舌位低，不与上齿接触，发出的音悦耳动听。a: angry/apple/cat/add/black/bag/bad/manThat black puppy was very sad because his dad had died in a bad accident.e舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍抬起。嘴不要张太大，上下齿间距离宁可偏小。a: any/e: end/egg/anything/get/set/help/empty/bedI will never forget the splendid time we spent together.V舌后部的先前部分稍抬起，舌尖和舌端两侧触下齿，开口程度和3相似，双唇向两旁平伸。u: up/ under/study/sun/ugly/locko、oo: other/mother/bloodI am not accustomed to making a speech in public.A:舌头置于口腔底部，口腔完全张开，但不成圆形。这是音标中所需口型最大开音节，发音时停顿稍长。a: ask/fast/last/ar: art/army/argue/hard/bar/car/far/article/park/starear: heart/He who laughs last laughs best.2、双元音。发双元音其实发两个元音，发音比较长，由第一个滑向第二个。Ai介乎/A/、Q之间，是比较低的前元音，/A/常用作双元音的第一部分，第二部分为类似的较高的前元音，第一个音在美国英语很少单独使用，发音时第一个音比第二个要高，只需稍微带过。i: ice/idea/item/island/fine/tire/side/highy: why/sky/my/typeei口形由e向i滑动。发音过程中下颚向上合拢，舌位也随之稍稍抬高。a: age/able/Asia/face/lazy/indicateei: eight/rein/reignai: aid/faint/mainay: say/pay/play/wayea: steak/breakThey say that rain fell every eighth day in may.EU从不圆唇的E:出发，向圆唇的U滑动，双唇收小收圆，第一部分读长一些，显著一些，滑动的过程缩短一些。o: old/open/over/home/ hope/no/so/only/phone/potatooa: road/oath/coastow: below/own/lowdown/followMy home is very close to my school.AU开始部分和Ai中的/A/是相同的，由/A/向U滑动时双唇逐渐收成圆形。o: our/out/hourou: loud/about/shout/outcomeow: allow/how/now/How about going out for a walk.Oi此音从口腔后部开始发音，舌位约放置口腔中间位置，舌头用力，唇合成圆形，然后舌位提高，舌头放松口型变宽。oi: oil/ointment/noise/voice/point/join/oy: oyster/boy/enjoy/annoy/toy/destroy/employmentThe boy was annoyed because his toy was destroyed.iE发i时注意用扁平唇，嘴不要张得太大，以免发成e、Q，由i很快滑向E。ea: ideal/areaear: ear/fearful/fear/hear/dearere: here/er、eer: eerie/eery/material/I tried to listen but I couldnt hear clearly what he said.UE/U/不要发成U:或汉语拼音中的“u”，由/U/很快的滑向/E/。ur(e): urine/jury/Europe/curious/furious/sure/pure(/pJUE/)/matureour: tourism/your/oor: poor/I am not sure whether she will arrive on time as usual.CE/C/是前元音，舌位高度在e和Q之间，发/C/时舌尖抵下齿，由/C/很快滑向/E/。a(i)r: air /airport /various/pair/dairy/shareare: area/barely/care/careful /stare/warehouse/bareear: wear/bear/pearMary, a girl with the fair hair, is sitting on a chair over there.(二)辅音1、爆破音。p、B闭上嘴唇，提起软颚以免气流入鼻腔。双唇紧闭，逼住气流，在口腔积气，然后快速张口发爆破音。p轻辅音，不发出声音，B浊辅音有声音发出。p: place/put/play/paper/surprise/open/help/ship/step/pay/repeat/stop/He didnt explain very much but came to the point.b: book/buy/big/table/problem/about/web/job/club/boss/above/robThe robber broke into the bank but was soon caught by the police.t、d软颚抬起，堵住到鼻腔的通道，舌尖贴上齿龈，憋住气流，然后舌尖突然下降，气流冲出口腔。t不发音，d为浊辅音，发音。t: time/tell/take/letter/better/sister/student/eat/get/talk/hotel/joinShe is too short to reach the apple on the table.d: do/day/duty/radio/under/today/food/old/read/down/yesterday/mindA friend in need is a friend indeed.k、G将舌根紧贴软颚，先堵住气流再快速放低舌位产生爆破，k不发出音，G发出声音。c: can/cut/picture/because/cook/access/plastick: kind/walking/make/cake/luck/skill/takeq: quick/conquerCut your coat according to your cloth.g: go/girl/great/ago/forget/again/dog/leg/egg/grass/beginA good beginning makes a good ending.2、磨擦音。s、z软颚抬起，堵住到鼻腔的通道；舌端及舌尖靠近上齿龈，但不接触，上下齿靠拢，但不要咬住。气流由舌端与上齿龈之间逸出，引起摩擦。ss: sorry/sing/say/fast/first/ as/dress/house/save/task/bossc: recent/sent/receive/faceGirls should not stay out so late at night.zz:zero/zoo/zone/lazy/crazy/magazine/buzzs:was/nose/busy/use/disease/raiseIm crazy about this music.T、D把舌尖放在上下齿之间，不要碰到牙齿和嘴唇，气流从牙齿和舌头间缝里吹出来，声带不震动，摩擦发出这个音。Tth: Thursday/think/third/southward/bathroom/nothing/teeth/path/method/faithful/toothNothing is worth thousands of deaths.Dth: than/those/there/although/other/father/clothe/loathe/teethe/without/with/Together my father and mother went through thick and thin.S、Z软颚抬起，堵住到鼻腔的通道，舌尖和舌端抬向上齿龈较后的部分，舌身紧贴上颚，中央形成一条狭长的通道，上下齿靠拢或靠近，但不要咬住，气流由舌端与上齿龈较后的部分逸出，发出这个音。Ssh: she/shy/show/special/pressure/fresh/cash/wash/ship/sunshine/finishc: ocean/ch: champagne/machineci: special/officialti: nation/additions: sure/AsiaThe shop is selling new kinds of shoes.Zs: usual/decision/measure/garage/prestige/massageEat at pleasure drink with measureF、v下唇轻抵上齿，气流向外从夹缝发出声音，为轻辅音，声带不震动。Ff(f): for/find/feel/after/fifteen/breakfast/if/life/knife/fine/office/halfgh: geography/laughI often meet my professor near the post office at five oclock.vv: very/view/vocation/over/never/ever/love/move/have/visit/everyThats my personal view.3、破擦音。tR、dr软颚抬起，舌身作发R的姿势，但舌潦抵上齿龈的后部，以形成阻碍，舌尖以发以R的动作解除阻碍，使爆破音t、d与R几乎同时发出。tRtr: try/tree/trade/strange/street/strike/treat/strengthWe tried to build our country into a modern industrial country.drdr: dress/dream/drive/address/children/hundred/drink/bedroomNowadays, children are dreaming of being a great scientist after they have grown up.tS、dZ软颚要抬起，舌身形成发S的姿势，但舌尖和舌端抵住上齿龈形成阻碍，舌尖和舌端以发S的动作解除这个阻碍，使爆破音t与S音几乎同时发出。tSt: lecture/nature/culture/centurych: china/change/chance/teacher/which/teach/reach/chickentch: kitchen/catchte:ti:tu: Put the picture in a place just out of the reach of children.dZj: joke/just/job/join/enjoin/(d)g: danger/major/region/age/page/bridge/generaldi:du:dj:The soldier thought little about himself although he was in great danger.4、鼻音。M闭住嘴唇不让产生声音的肺中气流从口里呼出，而使得气流产生的震颤经喉、口腔、鼻子最后在鼻腔当中共振发声，声音较长且悦耳，发音时如捏住鼻子可以感觉到振动。m: man/make/move/woman/army/famous/Rome/same/home/money/animal/harmWe must stop him form moving on.n舌尖抵住牙齿气流从鼻中出来，在鼻中发声。与M的发音口型基本相同，但n用了口的前部发音。n: night/now/need/tonight/only/wonder/open/sudden/fun/new/hand/thinMy best friend went away and will never return to join us again.N用舌根和软颚堵住气流，使得气流流入鼻腔。如发M、n一样但发N时口腔不发音。n(g): link/single/hungry/sing/thing/wrong/hangBetter to know everything of something than something of everything.5、其他。L舌端紧抵上齿龈，气流从舌的一侧或两侧逸出。l(l): low/look/leave/sleep/silent/only/still/fool/school/little/help/fullHe who laughs last laughs best.r舌尖向上齿龈后部抬起，舌前对硬颚呈凹形。舌身两侧贴上颚，双唇略突出，气流由舌面与硬颚间逸出。牙床开合程度大小均可。软颚升起，声带振动。r: right/run/rain/fry/around/great/fear/near/year/read/green/flowerAll roads lead to Rome.H发音器官呈发元音的姿势，声门张开，气流不受阻碍，自由逸出口腔，声带不振动，只是在通过声门时成轻微摩擦，口形不定，随后面的元音而变化，舌的后部和软颚不产生摩擦，即不发成汉语“赫”字的声母音，像自然的哈气一样。h: help/high/hate/her/head/hope/behaviorI havent heard form him in a long time.J舌面双呈发i的姿势，舌前部向硬颚抬起，双唇向两边伸展成扁平型，声带振动，声音急促短暂，一经发出，立刻向后面的元音滑动。y: yes/year/young/yellow/canyoni: opinion/unionew: new/few/ue: issueYou will soon get used to the new environment here.Ww: wait/when/want/away/awhile/always/warm/twiceWhere there is a will,there is a way.ts嘴巴稍微张开，用舌尖抵住下齿根。ts: boots/shorts/nutsdz口型和发ts一样。ds: friends/foods/goods/finds/forwards/wordsThe conference usually ends at night.(三)组合读音规则。1、名词加复数。一般在单词后加-s或-es。在p、t、K、F等清辅音后发s，如cups,hats,cakes,roofs。在s、z、S、tS、dz等音后发/iz/。如glasses,gaces,roses,brushes,matches,bridges。在其它情况下发z。如beds,days,cities,knives。以th结尾的词原读T的，加s后，多读z，例如：mouths,paths。但也有不这样变化的仍读s，例如：months，length。也有些读两者都可，例如：youths,truths。2、动词第三人称单数和名词所有格。与名词加复数发音规则基本一致。/s/: books she thinks Mikes/z/: dogs she sings Toms/iz/: badges the sun rises Georges3、过去式词尾-ed。-ed的发音基于其所接单词的最后一个发音音素，如果前面发音是t或是d，-ed就发/id/，如果是其他的清辅音就发t，浊辅音或元音就发d。/t/: stopped/asked/guessed/d/: wished/answered/played/id/ started/sounded/wanted4、定冠词the。在辅音前面发/DE/；在元音前面发/Di/。/DE/the girl/the student/the table/Di/the apple/the ocean/the honest man5、元音和辅音组合。两个辅音字母在一起时，有时只发其中一个辅音字母的音，不相同的两个辅音：write/know。相同的两个辅音：ladder/cross。例外：accept/last。两个元音字母在一起时，通常发其中一个元音字母的基本音。有时发第一个元音字母的基本音，如aim/people/goal/。有时发第二个无意字母的基本音，如great/feudal/height。单辅音字母+le，这种结构前的元音字母通常发长音。元音+辅音+le：noble/able/title。例外：double/capable/possible。单辅音字母（r除外）+e结尾时，其前面的元音字母通常发长音。元音+单辅音（的除外）+e：cake/these/bike/close/assume。例外：love/have。两个辅音前的元音字母发短音。元音+两个相同的辅音字母：carry/little/better。元音+两个不相同的辅音字母：lift/soft/pick。例外：almost。在重读音节中，如果清辅音/t/、/K/、/P/、/tr/、/tS/前面是/s/，它们的发音应该转变为与它们对应的浊辅音，也叫发音浊化。如：student/school/expect/strange/exchange。6、重音规则。每个英语单词都是由一个或几个音节构成的，一个单词的音节是通过元音字母或元音音素的数量划分的。通常单词中有多少个元音字母或元音音素，其发音就有几个音节构成（有少数例外）。如：dog；ta-ble；ex-pen-sive；in-ter-est-ing。在英语中，每个单词的音节并不是以相同的力度读出的，在每一个单词中，总会有一个音节的力度或声调高出其它的音节，这就是英语中的重音。英语的重音有两个基本原则：一个单词一个重音；重音总是在元音上。多音节单词重音位置规则： 派生词与词根重音一致。care/careful；like/dislike；possible/impossible。 带前缀的词，重音通常在第二个音节。a-lone；ab-normal；ac-count；ad-vance；al-right；be-cause；con-sist；de-cide；dis-miss；em-body；en-joy；mis-take；pre-view；re-view；trans-port；un-able。 带下列后缀的词，重音通常在第一个音节。diction-ary；scen-ery；fact-ory；critic-ize；tour-ism；tour-ist；mo-ment；cere-mony；perf-ume。 带下列后缀的词，重音通常在第二个音节。accl-aim；abst-ain；oc-cur；re-duce；est-eem；adh-ere；af-firm；ali-gn；revo-lt；supp-ose；corru-pt；my-self。 带下列后缀的词，重音通常在倒数第二个音节。music-ian；mathemat-ic；delic-ious；abol-ish；familiar；man-sion；expen-sive；condi-tion； 带下列后缀的词，重音通常在最后一个音节。par-ade；employ-ee；pion-eer；mach-ine；ant-ique；cart-oon。 复合词的重音一般在第一个音节上。anyone/everywhere/air