研究生英语阅读词汇学习.doc

研究生英语阅读词汇学习 001 blessing n. a thing that one is glad of; a thing that brings happiness 福 A blessing is something good that you are grateful for. 幸运的事 河流对于一个农业国来说是一种恩惠。 Rivers are a blessing for an agricultural country. a blessing in disguise If you say that something is a blessing in disguise, you mean that it causes problems and difficulties at first but later you realize that it was the best thing that could have happened. 塞翁失马 Not getting that job was actually a blessing in disguise, because I have now got a much better one. 没有得到那份工作其实是塞翁失马，因为现在我已得到一个好得多的工作。 Curse n. cause of evil, harm or destruction 祸根 Gambling is often a curse. Mice can be a curse to a farmer. Assertion n. 声称；断言 He repeated his assertions that he was not guilty. 他反复声称他无罪。 The assertion that gout is caused by eating rich foods has not been proved. 有人声称痛风病是由于好东西吃得太多，但是没有得到证实。 Constitute vt.构成 Listening, speaking, reading, then writing constitute the fundamental order in language learning. 听、说、读，然后是写，这些构成了语言学习的基本常规。 The behavior of that country constitutes an act of aggression against her neighbors. 该国的行为对其邻国构成了侵略行为。 At risk 处于危险之中 The disease is spreading, and all children under five are at risk. 这种疾病正在传播之中, 所有五岁以下儿童都处于危险之中。 Heart disease can be avoided if people at risk take medical advice. 如果处于危险中的人遵从医嘱，心脏病是能够避免的。 pursue vt. to follow; to carry out; to go on with 遵循、推行（政策等）；从事、进行；继续从事 中国对他们一直遵循友好政策。 China has always pursued a friendly policy towards them. 日本将继续遵循在伦敦峰会summit上制定的laid down政策。 Japan would continue to pursue the policies laid down at the London summit. 从事研究 to pursue a research 从事调查 to pursue an investigation 继续出国学习 to pursue ones studies abroad Aggrandizement n. increase in power or importance 扩张，增加 It would be the first time in human history that economic necessity prevailed over （战胜；占优势；占上风）military aggrandizement. 经济需求战胜军事扩张，在当时将是人类历史上的第一次。（主语复位，形式主语省略。） associate vt.联系；联想 We usually associate the name of Darwin with the doctrine of evolution. 我们通常把达尔文的名字和进化论学说联系在一起。 Cigarette smoking has been associated with lung cancer. 人们一直把吸烟和肺癌联系在一起。 benign a.有利的；(肿瘤)良性的 a benign effect 好结果 a benign influence 有利影响 The decrease of the patients fever was a benign sign. 病人退烧是个好迹象。 It was not cancer, only a benign tumour. 不是癌症，是良性肿瘤。 A benign tumour will not cause death or serious harm. 良性肿瘤不会造成死亡或严重危害。 malignant a. 恶性的；非常有害的 a malignant tumour to pose 造成威胁、困难等 Terrorist attacks pose a direct threat to the life of innocent people. Bandits sometimes pose difficulties for the police. The reluctance of the eyewitnesses to cooperate posed a problem for the investigation. descent n. 血统；世系 He is an American of Chinese descent. 他是一位美籍华人。（华裔美国人） The fisherman was Swedish by descent. 那个渔民祖籍瑞典。 to be superior to优于；好于；地位高于 His knowledge of French literature is superior to mine. They are superior to us in numbers. to invoke 引起；造成；唤起 The policy would invoke new problems of administration and supply. The song invoked memories of my childhood.Reading Selection B Headline 标题；大标题 To make/hit/reach/capture headlines 作为重要新闻见报；被大肆宣扬 The political negotiations capture headlines. 这几次政治谈判成了报纸的头条新闻。 Pejorative 贬损的；贬抑的；贬义的 in a pejorative sense 以贬义 oust 取代 Take care that quantity does not oust quality. 注意，不要只顾数量而损害了质量。 ill advised 欠谨慎的；不明智的 an ill advised decision 考虑欠周的决定 an ill advised remark 轻率的言词 to be rife with 充满的；充斥的 The pool is rife with fish. 鱼满塘。 The city is rife with rumours. 满城谣传纷纷。 The article is rife with error. 这篇文章错误百出。 a life rife with petty irritations（恼人的事） 充斥着琐屑烦恼的生活002set aside: disregard or ignore something 不理会或不顾 place something to one side将某物放在一边 save or keep for a particular purpose （为某目的）节省或保留（钱时间等）He set all our objections aside.他不理会我们所有人的反对意见。 The judges decision was set aside by the Appeal Court.法官的判决被上诉法庭驳回。 She sets aside a bit of money every month. 她每月都存一点钱。 I try to set aside a few minutes each day to do some exercises. 我每天尽量腾出一些时间锻炼。to hit/stike homehave the intended (often painful) effect产生预期的、常常令人痛苦的效果；切中要害 I could see from her expression that this sarcastic comments had hit home.从她的表情中我可以看出他那些挖苦人的话已经触及她的痛处。 子弹打中目标。 The bullet hit home.他的论证切中要害。 His arguments hit home.他批评到点子上了。 Her criticism hit home. Vow: to swear, promise or declare solemnly 发誓她发誓再也不跟他说话了。 She vowed never to speak to him again.他立誓要减轻体重。 He vowed that he would lose weight. To trap 使陷入困境 They were trapped in a burning hotel.他们被困在发生火灾的旅馆里。 The lift broke down and we were trapped inside.电梯出故障了，我们困在里边出不来。To weigh 权衡；考虑 to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of a plan权衡一项计划的利弊The jury must weigh the evidence before reaching a verdict.在达成判决之前陪审团必须权衡（考虑）证据Accommodate 供给住宿或房间 这旅馆可供多达500位来宾住宿。 This hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests.to wind (wound) up: to arrive finally in a place; to end up 终于到达某处；安顿；到头来如何如何We eventually wound up (staying) in a super little hotel by the sea. 我们最终在一个很棒的海滨旅馆落脚（住下来）。 I always said he would wind up in jail.我常说到头来他非进监狱不可。To bail out：abandon (a project) 放弃( 一项计划)；撒手不管；离开 His partner bailed out before the business got on its feet. 商店尚未站稳脚跟，她的合伙人就撒手不管了。 Some guests bailed out early.有些客人早早离开了。003lean a. thin and healthytough a.able to endure hardship; not easily defeated or injured吃苦耐劳的；坚韧的；unruffled a. 镇定的；沉着的He remained unruffled by the charges.受到这些指控他仍处之泰然。He spoke with unruffled calm.他从容不迫地讲话。to ruffle: disturb the smoothness or evenness of sth.; upset the calmness or even temper of sb. 弄皱或弄乱；扰乱某人的情绪；激怒某人A breeze ruffled the surface of the lake.微风吹皱了湖面。She is easily ruffled by awkward questions.他遇到难堪的问题很容易发脾气。to fix操纵；使稳定 ；搞定to fix a game操纵一场比赛to fix the judge操纵（买通）法官to end up + prep./-ing/adjective最终达到某状态或采取某行动If you continue to steal youll end up in prison.你要是继续行窃终归得进监狱。At first he refused to accept any responsibility but he ended up apologizing.最初他拒不承认有任何责任，到头来还是道了歉。If he carries on driving like that, hell end up dead.他照这样开车，早晚得死于非命。come in handybe useful some time or other 迟早有用Dont throw that awayit may come in handy.不要把那扔掉，可能用得着。My extra earnings came in handy.我的额外收入派上了用场。to keep to oneselfAvoid meeting people socially; not concern oneself with other peoples affairs不与人交往；不管别人的事谁都不太了解他，因为他很少与人来往。Nobody knows much about him; he keeps very much to himself.nasty a. unkind; spiteful; morally bad不善良的；恶意的；道德败坏的What a nasty man!这个恶人!a person with a nasty mind思想肮脏的人nasty stories下流故事to pore over somethingto study something by looking at it or thinking about it very carefully钻研（某事物）；审查；审视He was poring over an old map of the area.他正在仔细查阅该地区的旧地图。The child spent hours poring over his books.那孩子用了几个小时仔细阅读他的那些书。be up to something (informal) occupied or busy with something(口语) 正在做着或忙于某事Whats he up to?他忙什么呢？Hes up to no good.他现在没干好事。What tricks has he been up to?他搞什么鬼呢？begrudgingly adv.showing unwillingness or dissatisfaction不情愿地；勉强地；吝惜地to begrudge vt. 勉强允给；吝惜John never begrudged his children what they really needed.只要孩子们真需要，约翰是从不吝惜的。The local government did not begrudge the millions to be spent on irrigation projects.当地政府不惜拨款数百万修建灌溉系统。darn a. (informal euphemism) = damn(口语，委婉语) 该死的；倒霉的That darn cat has eaten my supper!这个该死的猫把我的晚饭吃掉了！to give sb. up1. to stop having relationship with与某人断绝关系2. 供出They tortured her, but still she wouldnt give me up.他们拷问她，可是她还是拒绝把握供出来。to give up the names of ones accomplices.供出同犯的名字stand up to sb.face boldly; resist sb. 勇敢地面对；抵抗It was brave of her to stand up to those bullies.她挺身反抗那些恃强凌弱的人 ，真勇敢。A policeman must stand up to danger.警察要敢于面对危险。to take a (heavy) toll/to take its toll (of sth.)to cause loss, damage, etc 造成损失、损坏等The war took a heavy toll of human life.这次战争夺去了许多人的生命。The conflict and confusion of the last decade have already taken a toll.过去十年中的冲突和骚乱已经造成了损失。to back down: to give up a claim to sth.; to yield放弃对某事物的要求；屈服；打退堂鼓He said he could swim, but he backed down when we got to the lake.他说他会游泳，可是等我们到了湖边却畏缩不前了。He proved that he was right and his critics had to back down.他证明了他是正确的，而那些非难他的人不得不收起他们那一套。to back down from ones intention to do sth.放弃做某事的意图to liaise to work together and keep each other informed about what is happening联络；取得联系；建立联络关系Detectives are liaising with the local police following the bomb explosion early today.今天早些时候炸弹爆炸之后，侦探们正在和当地警察联络。to exasperate: to irritate or annoy sb. greatly激怒；触怒；惹恼某人That child exasperates me!那孩子真让我生气！She was exasperated by his stupidity.她因为他愚笨而发怒。runaround n. 推诿；搪塞；拖延；躲闪to give sb. the runaround借故搪塞某人Hes been giving his wife the runaround, e.g. sleeping with other women.他一直蒙蔽着妻子（如与别的女人发生性关系）。to exacerbate vt. To make (pain, disease, a situation) worse; to aggravate 使（疼痛、疾病、情形）恶化；加剧Her mothers interference exacerbated the difficulties in their marriage.他母亲从中干预是他们的婚姻雪上加霜。004discrete a.separate; distinct分离的；截然分开的a series of discrete events一系列互不相关的事件This word has several discrete meanings.这个词有好些不相关的词义。be predicated onbe based on依据The project was predicated on the assumption that the economy was expanding.这一计划是以经济发展的设想为依据的。Our policy is predicated on the belief that the present financial crisis will not last long.我们的政策依据这一信念，即目前的金融危机不会持续很长时间。Everything is predicated on getting to the airport with time to spare.一切都取决于到机场之后尚有多余时间。to entail vt.to make sth. necessary; to require; to involve使（某事物）必要；需要；牵涉The project would entail a huge increase in defence spending.这项规划需要大大增加国防费用。This job entails a lot of hard work.这项工作需要十分努力。That will entail an early start tomorrow morning. 那就需要明晨很早动身。attest (to ) sth.be or give clear proof of sth.是某事物的证明；提供某事物的证明His handling of the crisis attested to his strength of character.他对危机的处理证明了他性格坚强。His success attests to his ability.他的成功表明他有能力。His works attest his industry.他的作品是他工作勤奋的证明。to sanction vt.同意某事；批准；认可I cant sanction you methods.我不能同意你的办法。Who sanctioned bombing the town?是谁批准轰炸那座城的？They wont sanction our spending on this scale.他们不会同意我们这么大的开支。commitment n. 1thing one has promised to do; pledge; undertaking 承诺；允诺；保证；承担to make a commitment做出承诺to carry out (back away from) ones campaign commitments履行（背弃）竞选诺言the No 1 domestic commitment of the next Administration下届政府对国内承担的首要义务。commitment n. 2state of being dedicated or devoted (to sth.)致力，献身（于某事）Were looking for someone with a real sense of commitment to the job.我们在寻求对此工作真正能尽职尽责的人。commitment n. 3交押；收监； 收监令；关进精神病院the interval between the commitment and trial拘留后的候审期a warrant to the commitment of sb.拘押某人的命令to sign a commitment签署收监令The psychiatrist recommended commitment as the wisest course.精神病医师认为把病人送进精神病院是最明智的办法。to the exclusion of sb. or sth.so as to exclude (all other members of a group)排除（其他的一切）He spent his spare time gardening, to the exclusion of all other interests.他把空余时间都用在园艺上了，没有任何其他爱好。to accrue (to)自然增长或利益增加；积累Great benefits accrue to society as a result of education.教育的结果社会受益无穷。Interest will accrue if you keep your money in a savings account.把钱存在储蓄账户里就会生息。005to usher (in)to inaugurate；to be the start of sth. new; to introduce; to lead创始；开辟；引；领The French Revolution ushered in a new age.法国大革命开创了一个新时代。The girl ushered me to my seat in a cinema.（在影院里）那姑娘引我入座。The song of birds ushers in the dawn.鸟鸣报晓。to rivalseem or be as good as sb. or sth.; be comparable to sb. or sth.堪与某人某事竞争或媲美；比得上某人某事物Of all the flowers in the garden few can rival the lily.在花园的所有花卉中，很少有能与百合花媲美。No one can rival him in eloquence.在口才方面没有人能与他匹敌。The stores rival each other in beautiful window displays.商店在美化橱窗陈列方面互比高低。at ones fingertipsbe easily available to sb.; one can easily reach sth.; familiar with近在手边；随时可供应用；立即可以得到; 精通；熟悉Seated at the cockpit, the airplane pilot has many controls at his fingertips.飞机驾驶员坐在机舱里，许多控制装置就在手边。With business information at our fingertips, we can solve your local and foreign business problems quickly.我们掌握了商业信息，可以迅速地给你们解决当地的和国外的商业问题。He had the whole design of the machine at his fingertips.他熟悉这部机器的全部设计。viablesound and workable; feasible; capable of success切实可行的；可实施的；有望成功的The plan looks alright in principle, but in practice it wouldnt be viable.这计划原则上看还可以，但实际上行不通。This is a viable solution to the crisis.这是一个解决危机的可行办法。He is a viable candidate.他是一个有希望当选的候选人。to threaten seem likely to occur or to do sth. undesirable似将发生；似将做出令人不快的事Dark skies threaten rain.黑压压的天空预示着要下雨。He threatened to resign.他扬言要辞职。The workers threatened a strike.工人们声称要罢工。This is a mistake that threatens to be costly.这是一个可能会造成重大损失的错误。to stifle扼杀；阻止；抑制to stifle political freedom扼杀政治自由Shortages of basic materials stifled economic growth.基本原料的匮乏抑制了经济发展。to stifle discussion of racial problems组织种族问题的讨论to tinkerto work in a casual or inexpert way, esp. trying to repair or improve sth.鼓捣；摆弄；笨手笨脚地做；徒劳无益地空忙；修补Stop tinkering with my television and take it to the repair shop.你不要瞎摆弄我的电视机了。把它送到修理店去吧。He likes tinkering with computers.他爱乱改进计算机。Whos been tinkering with the wiring?谁总瞎改动电线线路？to customizeto make or alter sth. according to the buyers or owners wishes按顾主或物主的意思制造或改制；定做to customize a car按顾客要求的规格制造或改装汽车to compromise1. to settle a dispute, etc by making a compromise以折衷妥协办法解决争论、争端、分歧等2. to expose 泄露If anyone gets careless, the secret code may be compromised.要是哪个不当心，密码会泄漏的。Their Colorado safe house had been compromised.他们在科罗拉多州的藏身之地暴露了。Despite their enthusiasm for E-mail, they worry that privacy might be compromised.尽管他们对电子邮件有极大兴趣，但是却担心隐私可能会泄漏。To lobbyTry to persuade (a politician, etc) to support or oppose sth.游说；疏通We can always lobby our M.P.s我们能经常向我们的议员游说。Mr. Jones was lobbying heads of states.琼斯先生来往于各国首脑之间进行游说。Businessmen are lobbying for a law to keep our foreign competitors.企业家们在对议员进行活动，争取制定一项抵制外国竞争者的法律。be predisposed toto be liable to倾向于；易患He is perhaps predisposed to be critical.他大概天生就爱挑剔。The inhabitants are predisposed to rheumatism by the damp climate.因气候潮湿，当地居民易患风湿症。006sublime a.of the greatest, most admirable kind; characterized by nobility; majestic, supreme伟大的；崇高的；壮观的；卓越的a man of sublime taste情趣高尚的人sublime virtue高尚的美德sublime poetry崇高的诗篇a sublime spirit of self sacrifice崇高的自我牺牲精神a sublime genius卓越的天才adherent n. a supporter, as of a cause or an individual拥护者；追求者；事业或个人的支持者an adherent of Marxism马克思主义的追随者an adherent of realism坚持现实主义的人to adhere togive support to; remain faithful to; to follow; to act in accordance with坚持某事务；忠于某事物；遵循某事物；依照某事物to adhere to ones opinions坚持某人的意见to adhere to ones promise坚守诺言to adhere to a political party忠于一政党to adhere to ones principles坚持自己的原则to adhere to a treaty遵守一条约to adhere to a schedule遵照一时间表to adhere to the rules依照规则The government adhered to it original plan in spite of the resistance.该国政府不顾阻力坚持按原计划行事。immersed in sth.be engaged in wholly or deeply; absorbed沉浸于；沉迷于；专心于to be immersed in ones business埋头于事务to be immersed in thought沉思to immersed in a book专心读书He immersed himself totally in his work.他埋头于工作beyond/out of reachoutside the distance that a hand can be stretched out; 手不能及；beyond sbs or sths capability, authority effectiveness, etc.非为某人的或某事物的能力、权力或影响等所能及Such highly-paid jobs are out of his reach.把那些药放到孩子够不着的地方。The gang live abroad, beyond the reach of the British police.这帮匪徒住在国外，英国警方鞭长莫及。to take heartbecome encouraged or more confident鼓足勇气；增强信心Everybody has taken heart from the news of victories.每个人都受到捷报的鼓舞。to take fresh heart at sth.对某事重新振作起精神variable a. & n.a. varying; changeable变化的；可变的；易变的variable pressure, rainfall, weather, speed变化不定的压力、降雨量、天气、速度Winds are variable.风向多变。His mood is variable.他的情绪反复无常。His temper is variable.他的脾气反复无常。n. variable thing or quantity可变的事物；可变的量Have you taken all the variables into account?你有没有把所有可变因素考虑在内？With so many variables, the exact cost is difficult to estimate.由于有许多可变因素，很难准确地估算出成本。engage withto get involved with; fell being connected with or having real contact with投入；紧密结合；有密切关系She found it hard to engage with office life.她觉得难以投入到办公室生活中去。A familys psychology and psychopathology engage with it social and economic life.一个家庭的心理和精神病理于他的社会生活和经济生活密切相关。predictor n.something that helps predict something that will happen in the future预言性的事物；预报性的事物Opinion polls are an unreliable predictor of election outcomes.民意测验预报选举结果不可靠。on paperin theory; in writing在理论上；在纸上；以书面形式The plan looks good on paper.这计划在理论上似乎不错。Most of the schemes exist only on paper.大多数方案仅停留在纸面而未实施。Please put your suggestions down on paper.请把建议写在纸上。to trade sth. for sth.to exchange sth. for sth. else用一物交换另一物I wouldnt trade my job for anything.我这个工作给我什么都不换。She traded her roller-skates for Toms portable radio.她拿旱冰鞋换了汤姆的便携式收音机。taxing a.tiring or demanding累人的；烦人的；繁重的a taxing task繁重的任务a taxing problem艰难的问题a taxing job繁重的工作Its unlikely that youll be asked to do anything too taxing.他们不可能让你做太繁重的事。They look forward to retirement as a release from dull and taxing jobs.他们盼望退休以摆脱枯燥而繁重的工作。to take way fromto wea