科技英语翻译 土方工程.doc

Earthwork土方工程Because earthmoving methods and costs change more quickly than those in any other branch of civil engineering, this is a field where there are real opportunities for the enthusiast. In 1935 most of the methods now in use for carrying and excavating earth with rubber-tyred equipment did not exist. Most earth was moved by narrow rail track, now relatively rare, and the main methods of excavation, with face shovel, backacter, or dragline or grab, though they are still widely used are only a few of the many current methods. To keep his knowledge of earthmoving equipment up to date an engineer must therefore spend tine studying modern machines. Generally the only reliable up-to-date information on excavators, loaders and transport is obtainable from the makers.由于和土木工程中任何其他工程的施工方法与费用相比较，土方挖运的施工方法与费用的变化都要快得多，因此对于有事业心的人来说，土方工程可以是一个大有作为的领域。In 1935 most of the methods now in use for carrying and excavating earth with rubber-tyred equipment did not exist.在年，目前采用的利用轮胎式机械设备进行土方挖运的方法大多数还没有出现。Most earth was moved by narrow rail track, now relatively rare, and the main methods of excavation, with face shovel, backacter, or dragline or grab, though they are still widely used are only a few of the many current methods.那时大部分土方是采用窄轨铁路运输，这在目前来说是很少采用的。To keep his knowledge of earthmoving equipment up to date an engineer must therefore spend tine studying modern machines.当时主要的开挖方式是使用正铲、反铲、拉铲或抓斗等挖土机，尽管这些机械目前仍在广泛应用，但是它们只不过是目前所采用的许多方法中的一小部分。Generally the only reliable up-to-date information on excavators, loaders and transport is obtainable from the makers.因此，一个工程师为了使自己在土方挖运设备方面的知识跟得上时代发展，他应当花费一些时间去研究现代的机械。一般来说有关挖土机、装载机和运输机械的唯一可靠而又最新的资料可以从制造厂商处获得。Earthworks or earthmoving means cutting into ground where its surface is too high ( cuts ), and dumping the earth in other places where the surface is too low ( fills). Toreduce earthwork costs, the volume of the fills should be equal to the volume of the cuts and wherever possible the cuts should be placednear to fills of equal volume so as to reduce transport and double handlingof the fill. This work of earthwork design falls on the engineer who lays out the road since it is the layout of the earthwork more than anything else which decides its cheapness. From the available maps ahd levels, the engineering must try to reach as many decisions as possible in the drawing office by drawing cross sections of the earthwork. On the site when further information becomes available he can make changes in jis sections and layout,but the drawing lffice work will not have been lost. It will have helped him to reach the best solution in the shortest time.Earthworks or earthmoving means cutting into ground where its surface is too high ( cuts ), and dumping the earth in other places where the surface is too low ( fills).土方工程或土方挖运工程指的是把地表面过高处的土壤挖去（挖方），并把它倾卸到地表过低的其他地方（填方），为了降低土方工程费用，填方量应该等于挖方量，而且挖方地点应该尽可能靠近土方量相等的填方地点，以减少运输量和填方的二次搬运。Toreduce earthwork costs, the volume of the fills should be equal to the volume of the cuts and wherever possible the cuts should be placednear to fills of equal volume so as to reduce transport and double handlingof the fill.土方设计这项工作落到了从事道路设计的工程师的身上，因为土方工程的设计比其他任何工作更能决定工程造价是否低廉。This work of earthwork design falls on the engineer who lays out the road since it is the layout of the earthwork more than anything else which decides its cheapness.根据现有的地图和标高，道路工程师应在设计绘图室中的工作也并不是徒劳的。From the available maps ahd levels, the engineering must try to reach as many decisions as possible in the drawing office by drawing cross sections of the earthwork.它将帮助他在最短的时间内获得最好的方案。The cheapest way of moving earth is to take it directly out of the cut and drop it as fill with the same machine. This is not always possible, but when it canbe done it is ideal, being both quick and cheap. Draglines, bulldozers and face shovels an do this. The largest radius is obtained with the dragline,and the largest tonnage of earth is moved by the bulldozer, though only over short distances.The disadvantages of the dragline are that it must dig below itself, it cannot dig with force into compacted material, it cannot dig on steep slopws, and its dumping and digging are not accurate.费用最低的运土方法是用同一台机械直接挖方取土并且卸土作为填方。这并不是经常可以做到的，但是如果能够做到则是很理想的，因为这样做既快捷又省钱。This is not always possible, but when it canbe done it is ideal, being both quick and cheap.拉铲挖土机、推土机和正铲挖土机都能做到这点。Draglines, bulldozers and face shovels an do this.拉铲挖土机的工作半径大。推土机所推运的的土的数量最多，只是运输距离很短。The largest radius is obtained with the dragline,and the largest tonnage of earth is moved by the bulldozer, though only over short distances.The disadvantages of the dragline are that it must dig below itself, it cannot dig with force into compacted material, it cannot dig on steep slopws, and its dumping and digging are not accurate.拉铲挖土机的缺点是只能挖比它本身低的土，不能施加压力挖入压实的土壤内，不能在陡坡上挖土，而且挖、卸都不准确。Face shovels are between bulldozers and draglines, having a larger radius of action than bulldozers but less than draglines. They are anle to dig into a vertical cliff face in a way which would be dangerous tor a bulldozer operator and impossible for a dragline. Each piece of equipment should be level of their tracks and for deep digs in compact material a backacter is most useful, but its dumping radius is considerably less than that of the same escavator fitted with a face shovel.Face shovels are between bulldozers and draglines, having a larger radius of action than bulldozers but less than draglines.正铲挖土机介于推土机和拉铲挖土机之间，其作用半径大于推土机，但小于拉铲挖土机。They are anle to dig into a vertical cliff face in a way which would be dangerous tor a bulldozer operator and impossible for a dragline.正铲挖土机能够挖取竖直陡峭的工作面，这种方式对推土司机来说是危险的，而对拉铲挖土机则是不可能的。Each piece of equipment should be level of their tracks and for deep digs in compact material a backacter is most useful, but its dumping radius is considerably less than that of the same escavator fitted with a face shovel.每种机械设备应该进行最适合它的性能的作业。正铲挖土机不能挖比其停机平面低很多的土，而深挖坚实的土壤时，反铲挖土机最适用，但其卸料半径比起装有正铲的同一挖土机的卸料半径则要小很多。Rubber-tyred bowl scrapers are indispensable for fairly level digging where the distance of transport is too much tor a dragline or face shovel. They can dig the material deeply ( but only below themselves ) to a fairly flat surface, carry it hundreds of meters if need be, then drop it and level it roughly during the dumping. For hard digging it is often found economical to keep a pusher tractor ( wheeled or tracked ) on the digging site, to push each scraper as it returns to dig. As soon as the scraper is full,the pusher tractor returns to the beginning of the dig to heop to help the nest scraper.Rubber-tyred bowl scrapers are indispensable for fairly level digging where the distance of transport is too much tor a dragline or face shovel.在比较平坦的场地开挖，如果用拉铲或或正铲挖土机运输距离太远时，则装有轮胎式的斗式铲运机就是必不可少的。它能在比较平的地面上挖较深的土（但只能挖机械本身下面的土），需要时可以将土运至几百米远，然后卸土并在卸土的过程中把土大致铲平。They can dig the material deeply ( but only below themselves ) to a fairly flat surface, carry it hundreds of meters if need be, then drop it and level it roughly during the dumping.在挖掘硬土时，人们发现在开挖场地经常用一辆助推拖拉机（轮式或履带式），对返回挖土的铲运机进行助推这种施工方法是经济的。For hard digging it is often found economical to keep a pusher tractor ( wheeled or tracked ) on the digging site, to push each scraper as it returns to dig. As soon as the scraper is full,the pusher tractor returns to the beginning of the dig to heop to help the nest scraper.一旦铲运机装满，助推拖拉机就回到开挖的地点去帮助下一台铲运机。Bowl scrapers are often extremely powerful machines; many makers build scrapers of 8 cubic meters struck capacity, which carry 10 m heaped. The largest self-propelled scrapers are of 19 m struck capacity ( 25 m heaped )and they are driven by a tractor engine of 430 horse-powers.Bowl scrapers are often extremely powerful machines; many makers build scrapers of 8 cubic meters struck capacity, which carry 10 m heaped. 斗式铲运机通常是功率非常大的机械，许多厂家制造的铲运机铲斗机铲斗容量为8 m ，满载时可达 m 。The largest self-propelled scrapers are of 19 m struck capacity ( 25 m heaped )and they are driven by a tractor engine of 430 horse-powers.最大的自行式铲运机铲斗容量为 m （满载时为 25m ），由430马力的牵引发动机驱动。Dumpers are probably the commonest rubber-tyred transport since they can also conveniently be used for carrying concrete or other building materials. Dumpers have the earth container over the front axle on large rubber-tyred wheels, and the container tips forwards on most types, though in articulated dumpers the direction of tip can be widely varied. The smallest dumpers have a capacity of about 0.5 m , and the largest standard types are of about 4.5 m . Special types include the self-loading dumper of up to 4 m and the articulated type of about 0.5 m . The distinction between dumpers and dump trucks must be remembered .dumpers tip forwards and the driver sits behind the load. Dump trucks are heavy, strengthened tipping lorries, the driver travels in front lf the load and the load is dumped behind him,