(0057)词汇学复习大纲.doc

（0057）词汇学复习大纲Chapter One Introduction1.Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed with at least examples.):Lexicology (p. 1)Vocabulary (p. 1)Morphology (p. 1)Etymology (p. 2)Semantics (p. 2)Stylistics (p. 2)Phonetics (p.2)2.Some fundamental ideas (the five points in section 1.3.2)1)The vocabulary of any language never remains stable, but is constantly changing, growing and decaying, together with the development of human society.2)The word is the principal and basic unit of the language. The word is a structural and semantic entity within the language system.3)The word is a two-facet unit possessing both form and content. 4)Structurally words are inseparable lexical units taking shape in a definite system of grammatical forms and syntactic characteristics, which distinguishes them both from morphemes and words groups.5)Two approaches of investigations lexicology. The synchronic approach is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as it exists are given time, for instance, at the present time. The Diachronic approach deals with the changes and the development of vocabulary in the course of time. The two approaches should be interconnected and interdependent.3.The Division of the History of English1)The Old English (Anglo-Saxon) periodDuration: roughly from 450-1150The three characteristics of Old English (page 7-8)(1) pronunciation difference; (2) Teutonic vocabulary; (3) full of inflectional2)The Middle English periodDuration: 1150-1500The three Characteristics of Middle English (page 8)(1) resemblance to Old English; (2) borrowing and loss in vocabulary; (3) less inflectional3)The Modern English period (page 8)Early Modern English (1500-1700)Late Modern English (Since 1700)Chapter Two Sources of English Vocabulary1.The naive elements of English Vocabulary 1) The nine characteristics of the native element (pp. 10-11)a. all-national characterb. great stabilityc. mono-syllabic wordsd. Great word-forming abilitye. wide collocabilityf. plurality of meaningsg. high frequency valueh. stylistically neutral2.The foreign elements of English Vocabulary (pp. 11-26)1)The three ways of the foreign elements entering into the English vocabulary (p. 12)a. through oral speechb. through written speechc. through invaders2)Classification of the foreign borrowings (or, the four types of foreign elements in English vocabulary) (pp. 12-13)a. aliens ; b. denizens; c. translation loan; d. semantic loan3)Some useful Latin phrases and abbreviations vice versa, per cent, per cap., persona non grata; a.m., p.m., i.e., e.g., c.f., viz.4)doublets, hybrids and international words in English (pp. 26-30)5)The three types of assimilated words: completely assimilated words, partly assimilated words and non-assimilated words. (pp. 32-33)Chapter ThreeWord-Building1.Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed with examples.):morpheme, free morpheme, bound morpheme, root, stem2.Ways of word-building (attentions should also be paid to the examples appearing the ways of word-building)1) affixation (pp. 39-51)2) conversion (pp.51-55)3) compounding (pp.55-59)4) backformation (pp. 59-60)5) shortening (pp. 60-63)6) blending (pp. 63-64)7) imitation (p. 64)3.All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!Chapter FourSemantics1.definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed with examples.):polysemy (p. 72), homonymy (p. 77), perfect homonym (p. 77), homograph (p. 78), homophone p. 78), synonym (p. 80), antonym (p. 86),2.important points1) the relation between a word and its meaning (p. 70)2) the relation between words and concepts (p. 70-71)3) the meaning of “nice” (p. 72)4) types of synonyms (pp. 83-84)5) the origin of synonyms (p. 84)6) the example words of antonym (pp. 86-88)7) ways of coining neologism (p. 91)8) the exercises of Chapter Four (pp. 94-100)Chapter FiveChange of Meaning1.Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed with examples.):extension of meaning (p. 101), narrowing of meaning (p. 102), degradation of meaning (p. 104), metonymy (p. 114), synecdoche (p. 116), oxymoron (p. 119)2.All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!Chapter SixEnglish Idioms1. Characteristics of English idioms (four points) (pp. 124-128)2.Characteristics of phrasal verbs (three points) (pp. 133-134)3.All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!Chapter SevenVarieties of English1.Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed with examples.):slang (p. 149), jargon (p. 149), 2. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!Chapter EightAmerican English1.Characteristics of American English (pp. 158-162)2.Differences between British English and American English (pp. 162-164)3. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!Chapter NineApplication and Comprehension1.Attention should be paid to the example words given in this chapter2.All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!Chapter TenEnglish Lexicography1.Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed with examples.):monolingual dictionary (p. 185), bilingual dictionary (p. 185), encyclopedia (p. 186), encyclopedic dictionary (p. 186).（0057）词汇学样题Part IDefinition (20 points)Directions: Defining the following terms with examples.1. aliens2. homophone3. jargon4. compounding 5. bilingual dictionaryPart II True or False Decision (15 points)Directions: Decide whether the following statements are T (true) or F (false). 1. Every word has two aspects: the outer aspect written form and the inner aspect sound.2. Some affixes are free morphemes while some others are bound morphemes.3. Old English is a language of full inflections.4. “Popular words” mainly refer to words of French origin in the English language.5. Strictly speaking, in the English language, there are no two words which are absolutely identical in meaning6. We should put our hands on the deck, when we hear “All hands on deck” on a boat.7. In the word “modify”, the root is “mod”, the stem is “modi” and the suffix is “-fy”.8. Most of the affixes are derived from Old English, or from Latin and Greek.9. In the compound word “blood test”, the second part, i.e. “test”, indicates the action upon the first part.10. Absolute synonyms can be found in ordinary life, e.g. begin commence.11. Simile, metaphor and personification are figures of speech based on resemblances.12. Phonologically, compounds can often be identified as having a main stress on the first element and secondary stress on the second element.13. Actual meaning refers to the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary.14. Most of the English words are polysemic.15. American English is characterized by creativeness but not conservativeness in usage.Part III Multiple Choice (15 points)Directions: There are 15 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are 4 words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one word or phrase that correctly completes the sentence.1.The word “question” is a word borrowed from .A. LatinB. FrenchC. GreekD. Scandinavian2.He is wise enough to see all these fine pretensions.A. outB. toC. throughD. over3.You should remember that the building is a war memorial and speak more .A. respectivelyB. respectablyC. respectfullyD. respected4.The crown jewels are kept in the Tower of London.A. valuedB. valuelessC. invaluableD. usable5.When the crowd saw the prize-fighter stretched out on the canvas, shouts and cheers from it.A. broke upB. broke forthC. broke throughD. break upon6.The scientists realized it would be too to ship all people in one boatbecause it was fragile.A. boldB. daringC. riskyD. dangerous7.The energy gained from the sun can then be used during the night to enable the necessary chemical reactions to in his body.A. precedeB. proceedC. progressD. practise8.There is a of vegetables in Shanghai at the moment because of the cold weather.A. shortageB. wantC. needD. desire9.When the Victorians had family reunions, the hosts went their way to entertain the guests.A. in forB. overC. out ofD. back on10.Having pushed her son, Eve gave him a dismissive towards the car.A. pushB. pullC. drawD. drag11. Which of the following usually appears in poems?A. horseB. steedC. gee-geeD. nag12.Which of the following words is INCORROCT in word formation?A. unhorseB. unmannedC. unfrostD. unhappy13.Which of the following is formed by blending?A. popB. sightseeC. copterD. boatel14.The antonym of “fresh” in “fresh bread” is _.A. staleB. stuffyC. fadedD. tired15.I will take you to a most interesting _ of nineteenth century.A. wonderB. exhibitionC. expositionD. displayPart IVTranslation (10 points)Directions: Translating the following sentences into Chinese.1. The sea has smoothed down.2. Kissinger got the plans and helicoptered to Camp David.3. He commanded a fleet of thirty sails.4. Strike while the iron is hot.5. Most of the city families have a fridge.Part VAnswer the following questions with examples (20 points)1. What are the relations between a word and its meaning? (6 points)2. What are the classifications of Homonyms? (6 points)3. What are the characteristic features of English idioms? (8 points)（0057）词汇学样题答案Part IDefinition (20 points)1. aliensAliens are words borrowed from a foreign language without any change of the foreign sound and spelling. These words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin. For examples, “coup dtat”, “rsum”, “rgime”, etc. are all Aliens of French borrowings.2. homophonesHomophones are words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. sun, son; piece and peace; etc.3. jargonJargon are terms peculiar to a class, sect, trade or profession. For example, when the chemist says “Chlorophyll makes food by photosynthesis.” he is talking jargon, which in plain language means “green leaves build up food with the help of light”.4. compoundingCompounding is the word forming process by which tow or even more words are joined to form a new entity. For example, “darkroom (meaning a room used for photographic processing) is formed by joining “dark” and “room” into a new word.5.bilingual dictionaryA bilingual dictionary involves two languages. The main entries are generally defined or explained in the same language with translations as Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English with Chinese Translation and Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English with Chinese Translation, etc.Part II True or False Decision (15 points)115. FFTTT610 FTTTF1115TTFTFPart III Multiple Choice (15 points)15ACCCB610 CBACA1115 BCDABPart IVTranslation (10 points)1. 大海已经平静下来了。2. 基辛格获得计划后，乘直升飞机去了戴维营。3. 他指挥一支由三十条船组成的船队。4. 趁热打铁。5. 大多数城市家庭都拥有电冰箱。Part VAnswer the following questions with examples (20 points)1. What are the relations between a word and its meaning? (See p. 70)The relation between the meaning of a word and its sound is arbitrary. It is not possible to explain why this or that word has this or that sound. Only a minority of words can be explained: we can say that they are motivated. Motivation can arise in three ways:1)Phonetic motivation. These are called echo words, or onomatopoeia: cuckoo, dingdong, mew, bark, buzz, etc.2)Grammatical motivation. A word like landlord is not purely conventional, although land and lord are conventional. Similarly, the word leader can be understood by any one who knows the English verb to lead and the suffix - er.3)Motivation by meaning. Bottleneck with reference to administration, production, etc., will be readily understood by all who know that “a narrow outlet for road-traffic” is often called by that name. Here it is the figurative usage that provides motivation: an obstruction is called a bottleneck because it is like the neck of a bottle.2. What are the classifications of Homonyms? (See pp. 77-78)We may classify English homonyms as follows:1)Perfect homonyms or words identical both in sound and in spelling but different in meaning. e.g.long extended, not short (O.E. lang), long to desire, yearn, (0. E. langian) yard an enclosed space (O.E. geard, an enclosure).yard a rod, an English measure of 36 inches (0.F. gyrd or gerd, a stick, rod)2)Homographs or words identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g.bow (/bu/) a piece of wood curved by a tight string, using for shooting arrowsbow (/bau/) bend the head or body3)Homophones or words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. son, sun; pair, pear; sight, site cite; some, sum; piece, peace; see, sea.4)Homoforms or words quite different in meaning but identical in some of their grammatical forms e.g.bound past and past perfect of bindbound to bound (to jump); bound (n. = limit); bound (adj. = ready to start). found past and past perfect of findfound to found (= to establish)3. What are the characteristic features of English idioms? (See pp. 124-128)English idioms have the following characteristics:1)Structural stability. An English idiom has an established form, one that has been accepted by tradit