选修八 详细知识点 UNIT3.doc

Unit 3 Inventors and inventions单元要点预览（旨在让同学整体了解本单元要点）词汇部分词语辨析1. discover / find / invent 2. hope / wish / expect 3. bear / endure / stand / tolerate 4. set off / set out / set about词形变化1. mercy n.仁慈，宽容merciful adj. 宽恕的merciless adj.残忍的；无情的2. abrupt adj.突然的，意外的；唐突的，鲁莽的abruptly adv.突然地；粗鲁地3. expect vt. 期待，预期，指望expectation n. 期待，预料，指望，展望unexpected. adj. 想不到的，未预料unexpectedly adv. 出乎意料地，想不到地4. freeze v.(使)冻结，(使)结冰 n.冻结；冰冻期freezing n. 冰点 adj. 冰冻的，严寒的/5. practise vt.&vi. 实行；练习；实习practice n. 练习，实习，实践，习俗practical adj.实际的，实践的，实用的重点单词 1. distinguish 辨别；辨认；（常与from, between连用）区别；区分 2. convenient adj.便利的，方便的3. seize vt. 抓住，捉住；占据；（指强烈的感情）突然影响或控制（某人） 4. file n.c 文件；档案 vt. 把归档 5. hang vt.& vi. (hung; hung) 悬挂，附着 vt. (hanged; hanged) 吊死，绞死重点词组1. call up征召；召集服兵役；唤起；使人回忆；带入心中；打电话给某人2. set about sth/doing sth (不用於被动语态) 开始（某工作）；着手做某事3. (every) now and then/again 时而；偶尔；有时4. out of order次序颠倒；发生故障5. get through 用完，消耗掉；（设法）做或完成某事；通过；与某人联系6. ring back 回复电话 7. in case 因为可能发生某事；以防万一；万一 重点句型1. The first thing I tried to do was to see if there were products that might help me, but there only seemed to be powders designed to kill snakes.2. Between the outside and inside walls of the bowl there is some jelly, which freezes hard when cooled.重点语法复习过去分词做表语和宾语补足语（见语法部分）语言要点（模块）.词语辨析 (旨在提供完形填空所需材料) 1. discover / find / invent【解释】discover表示“偶然”或“经过努力”发现客观存在的事物、真理或错误。find意为“发现，找到”，指对某种事物的寻求，也指对丢失的事物的找到。invent 指设计或制造原来没有的东西。【练习】用discover，find，invent的适当形式填空。1). Columbus _ America in 1492. 2). You will _ it a difficult book.3). When did you _ that she s married? 4). I ve _ the book I was hunting for.5). Alexander Graham Bell _ the telephone in 1876. Keys: 1). discovered 2). find 3). found 4). discover 5). invented2. hope / wish / expect【解释】hope 后面只能接不定式和that从句，表示一种有信心的可实现的希望。注意： hope后不能接动名词作宾语，也不能用hope sb. to do sth. 结构。 省略答语中，not不可放在hope前，如不能说I don t hope so.只能说I hope not. wish 通常表示有某种未实现或无法实现的欲望或希望，wish后跟从句时常用虚拟语气。expect 表示“预期，盼望，期待，料想”，后面可跟名词、代词、不定式，that从句等。 【练习】用hope，wish，expect的适当形式填空。1). We _ that our children will carry on our family traditions. 2). I _ you a very happy future.3). What do you _ me to do? 4). Most of the parents _ much of their children.5). I am _ a letter from her.6). I _ I were really wealthy. Keys: 1). hope 2). wish 3). wish / expect 4). expect 5). expecting 6). wish3. bear / endure / stand / tolerate 【解释】bear强调忍受者对痛苦、忧虑、烦恼以及责任的承受力，常用于否定句中。endure意为“经受长期的艰难、困苦或折磨而不屈服”，强调持久力和意志坚强，常用于否定句中。stand强调不屈不挠或经受得起，常用于否定句中。tolerate意为“忍受某人或某种行为而不反抗”，语气最弱，可用于肯定句和否定句。【练习】用bear，endure，stand，tolerate的适当形式填空。1). Our tent won t _ another storm like the last one. 2). I can t _ to wait any longer.3). She s already had to _ three painful operations on her leg. 4). I will not _ that sort of behaviour in my class. Keys: 1). stand 2). bear 3). endure 4). tolerate4. set off / set out / set about【解释】set off “出发”，侧重于去某个地方。set out “出发，开始”，侧重于开始做某事，还有规划，展现的意思，后加不定式。set about “开始，着手”，与set out意思相近，后加v-ing形式。【练习】用set off，set out，set about的适当形式填空。1). They succeeded in what they had _ to do. 2). Having made up his mind, he _ carrying out the plan.3). If you want to catch that train we d better _ for the station immediately. Keys: 1). set out 2). set about 3). set off .词性变化 （旨在提供语法填空所需材料）1. mercy n.仁慈，宽容merciful adj. 宽恕的merciless adj.残忍的；无情的2. abrupt adj.突然的，意外的；唐突的，鲁莽的abruptly adv.突然地；粗鲁地3. expect vt. 期待，预期，指望expectation n. 期待，预料，指望，展望unexpected. adj. 想不到的，未预料unexpectedly adv. 出乎意料地，想不到地4. freeze v.(使)冻结，(使)结冰 n.冻结；冰冻期freezing n. 冰点 adj. 冰冻的，严寒的/5. practise vt.&vi. 实行；练习；实习practice n. 练习，实习，实践，习俗practical adj.实际的，实践的，实用的【练习】用括号内所提供词的适当形式填空。1). This result was beyond my wildest _ (expect).2). She was subjected to the _ (mercy) criticism of her opponents.3). They asked her to be _ (mercy) to the prisoners. 4). We must put our plans into _ (practise). 5). Your invention is very _ (practice). 6). The young girl practices _ (play) the violin every day. 7). His father died _ (expect), and it was ten years since they were last together. 8). We were _ (freeze) cold in the tent last night. 9). Our conversation came to an _ (abruptly) end when George burst into the room.Keys: 1). expectation 2). merciless 3). merciful 4). practice5). practical6). playing 7). unexpectedly 8). freezing 9). abrupt .重点词汇（旨在提供词汇综合运用所需材料）1. distinguish 辨别；辨认；（常与from, between连用）区别；区分 1). I can distinguish them at a distance. 从远处我能认出他们。2). The man distinguishes himself by his wisdom这个人因智慧而扬名。重点用法distinguish A from B 辨别A与B be distinguished from不同于be distinguished by 以为特征 be distinguished for 因而著称distinguish oneself 显扬自己；使自己扬名练习 根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的介词或翻译。Can you distinguish (中间) those two objects? Children should be taught to (分辨是非).Speech human beings (不同于) the animals. The Chinese nation is (因而著称) its diligence and courage.答案：between distinguish right from wrong distinguishes; from distinguished for 2. convenient adj.便利的，方便的convenience n.便利，方便 conveniently adv.便利地 1). Is it convenient for you to come next Sunday? 下个星期天你方便来吗？2). I can t see him now; it s not convenient. 我现在不便见他。 重点用法be convenient to sb. 对某人方便 It is convenient (for sb) to do sth. (某人)做某事方便at your convenience 在你方便的时候 if it suits a persons convenience如果对某人方便for the convenience of sb. 为了某人方便起见 练习 根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的词或翻译。1). Come and see me _ _ _ _ _ (无论你何时方便).2). We must arrange a _ (convenience) time and place for the meeting.3). I keep my reference books near by desk for _ (convenient).4).We must arrange a time and place for the meeting.5).I keep my reference books near by desk for . Keys: 1). whenever it s convenient to you 2). convenient 3). convenience 4)convenient 5)convenience 3. seize vt. 抓住，捉住；占据；（指强烈的感情 愿望等）突然影响或控制（某人） 1). She seized me by the wrist. 她抓住我的手腕。2). Panic seized us. 我们惊恐万状。重点用法seize hold of sth 抓住某物seize a chance / an opportunity 抓住时机seize on/upon sth 意识到某事物而立即加以利用练习 完成句子。1). His father asked him _ (抓住时机赚一些钱).2). We _ (身不由己) by a sudden impulse to run.3). The critics _ _ (抓住) my mistake and said I was ignorant.Keys: 1). to seize the chance to make some money 2). were seized 3). seized on 4. file n.c 文件；档案 vt. 把归档 1). Here are our files on the results of the business in the past five years. 这是我们过去五年来经营成绩的案卷。2). Please file this paper away, Miss Mary. 玛丽小姐，请把这份文件归档。重点用法haveopenkeep a file on存有设立保存的档案练习 翻译下面的句子。1). 她把她所有的信件仔细归档。_2). 他阅读了有关这个案件的全部卷宗。_Keys: 1). She filed all her letters carefully. 2). He read all the files on the case. 5. hang vt.& vi. (hung; hung) 悬挂，附着；悬挂着 vt. (hanged; hanged) 吊死，绞死 1). His pictures were hung in the Museum of Modem Arts. 他的画在现代艺术馆展出。2). The man was hanged for murder. 那男子因谋杀罪被处绞刑。重点用法hang about 闲待着，终日无所事事；闲荡 hang on 紧握着；(电话用语)别挂断hang up 挂；挂断电话；延迟；推迟或搁置练习 用与hang的正确形式或相关的词组填空。 1) . She _ the phone angrily before I could speak. 2). He _ for murder. 3). The curtain _ well. 4). _ a minute; I m just coming.Keys: 1). hung up 2). was hanged 3). hangs 4). Hang on 5. expectationn. 预料；期待；期望He has little expectation of passing the exam. 他对考试及格不抱希望。I usually enjoy his films, but the last one didnt come to my expectations.我向来喜欢看他的电影，但最近的一部并不像我期望的那样好。常用结构：beyond expectation 出乎意料in expectation of 预料，期望，指望against all expectation(s) 与预期相反，出乎意料come up to ones expectations 不负(某人)所望expectation 为不可数名词，当其意为期望的事物，前景时，常用复数形式。 完成句子： 我们在车站等着，期待她的到来。We waited at the station her arrival. 答案：in expectation of .重点词组（旨在提供综合运用所需材料）1. call up 征召；召集服兵役；唤起；使人回忆；带入心中；打电话给某人 1). He called me up to tell me the good news. 他打电话给我并告诉我这个好消息。2). I was called up three months after war broke out. 战争爆发后的第三个月，我应征入伍。短语归纳 call短语：call back 召回；回电话；收回处理call on/at 拜访(on后跟人；at后跟地点名词)call for 要求，提倡，为叫喊call forth 使产生；引起；使起作用call in 召集，召来，来访call off 取消；取消或延期：call out 出动，唤起，大声叫唤 call on .to do号召做 练习 根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的介词或副词。1). This is the work that calls _ patience. 2). Human Rights groups are calling _ the release of political prisoners. 3). He had to _ the meeting because of the bad weather.4). I ll call _ him tomorrow do you want to visit him with me?5). The company has called _ all such models as built in 1990.6). The government then called _ troops to deal with the disturbances.7). The old photo calls _ memories of my childhood. Keys: 1). for 2). for 3). off 4). on 5). back 6). in 7). up 2. set about sth/doing sth (不用於被动语态) 开始（某工作）； 着手做某事典例 1). I must set about my packing. 我得开始收拾行李了。2). The new government must set about finding solutions to the country s economic problems. 新政府必须立即找出解决国家经济问题的办法。 短语归纳 set短语：set sth aside 将某事物放在一边；（为某目的）节省或保留（钱或时间）set sth down 将某事物记在纸上； 写下来 set out 从某地出发上路set off 开始（旅行、赛跑等） set sth off 使（炸弹、地雷等）爆炸set to 精力充沛地开始做某事 set sth up 摆放或竖起某物；创（体育）记录练习 根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的介词。1). I don t know how to set _ this job. 2). She set _ a new world record time _ the 100 metres. 3). They set _ on the last stage _ their journey. 4). How do senior managers set _ making these decisions? Keys: 1). about 2). up; in 3). out; of 4). about 3. (every) now and then/again 时而；偶尔；有时典例 1). I like to go to the opera now and then. 我喜欢偶尔去看歌剧。2). Every now and again she went upstairs to see if he was still asleep. 她时而到楼上看看他是否还在睡着。短语归纳 now短语：now (that). 由於；既然 right now 此刻；现在 by now 到目前为止just now 刚才 from now on 从现在开始 练习 用与now相关的词组填空。 1). Sonia should have been home _ _. Do you think she s OK? 2). I hear from him _ _ _ _.3). Please try to be more careful _ _ _.4). There s nothing I can do about this _ _.Keys: 1). by now 2). every now and then 3). from now on 4). right now4. out of order次序颠倒；发生故障 Our airconditioner is out of order. 我们的冷气机出故障了。短语归纳 order短语：in order 整齐，状况良好，适宜，按顺序in order that后接从句，而in order to后接动词原形练习 翻译下面的句子。1). 电梯出故障了。_2). 情况一团杂糟。_3). 他现在发言是十分合适的。_Keys: 1). The elevator is out of order. 2). Things were in terrible order. 3). It ll be quite in order for him to speak now. 5. get through 通过 完成 到达 用完 电话接通 1). I ve got through a lot of correspondence today. 今天我处理了一大批信件。2) . I tried ringing you several times yesterday but I couldn t get through (to you). 昨天我给你打了几次电话, 可是都没（和你）接通。3).We were all delighted when we heard you had got through the exam. 听到你通过考试时，我们都很高兴。短语归纳 get短语：get (sth) across (to sb)（使某事）传播或为人理解get ahead (of sb) 领先（於某人）get along with sb 与某人合得来；与某人和睦相处get on/along with sth 取得进展get away (from sb/.) 逃离或摆脱开（某人或某地）get off 离开某地或出发get away with sth 偷携某物潜逃；不因某事受惩罚get by (on sth)（靠某物）勉强维生；设法维持；对付get down to sth/doing sth 开始做某事；重视某事物；认真处理某事 get over sth overcome克服；战胜；掌握练习 翻译下面的句子。1). If you cheat in the exam you ll never _ _ _ it.2). He s not very good at _ his ideas _. 3). It s time I _ _ (认真干) some serious work. 4). He was disappointed at not getting the job, but he ll _ _ it.Keys: 1). get away with 2). getting; across 3). got down to 4). get over 6. ring back 回复电话 1). I ll ask him to ring you back. 我会叫他给你回电话。2). He rang off before I could answer it. 我还没来得及接他就挂断了。短语归纳 ring短语：ring.up 给打电话 ring off 挂断电话 give sb. a ring给某人打电话练习 翻译下面的句子。1). 他们一到我就给你打电话。_2). 你一定要挂电话了。我要用这个电话。_3). 他给他的医生打了电话，取消了他们的约会。_Keys: 1). I ll ring you up as soon as they arrive. / I will give you a ring as soon as they arrive. 2). You must ring off now. I want to use this phone. 3). He gave his doctor a ring and canceled his appointment.7. in case 如果；以防万一；万一 It may rain you d better take an umbrella (just) in case (it does). 可能下雨-你最好带把伞，以防万一（下起来）。短语归纳 case短语：in case of sth 若发生某事；假如 in any case 无论如何；总之in no case 在任何情形下决不；无论如何都不 in that case 既然那样；假若是那样的话练习 翻译下面的句子。1). _ _ _ _ (遇火警时), ring the alarm bell. 2). You don t like your job? _ _ _ (既然那样), why don t you leave?3). Bring some money with you _ _ (以防万一) you want to buy something.Keys: 1). In case of fire 2). In that case 3). in case8. go through经历(困难、痛苦等)；通过,成功,成交；审阅,检查；翻找,查看,搜寻；穿过,通过The plan didnt go through. 计划没通过。 A terrible noise went through the house. 一阵可怕的声音响彻整幢房子。联想拓展 look through 浏览；看破；温习 read through 通读;连续flow through 流过;流经；通过流动 get through 通过;接通;使成功search through 搜寻,查找 carry sth. through 成功地完成put sth. through 完成或达成（计划、方案） EXERCISE：I have never this kind of thing, so Im afraid. A. look through B. looked through C. got through D. gone through解析：选D。根据句意可知，此处应意为经历，经手。故选D。 .重点句子（旨在提供句子结构等所需材料）1. The first thing I tried to do was to see if there were products that might help me, but there only seemed to be powders designed to kill snakes. 我先看看有没有能派得上用场的产品，好象只有一些用来杀死蛇的药粉。 (1) 在there be结构中，be的人称与数应遵循就近一致原则： There was a bucket of water and two chairs in the comer of the house. There are two chairs and a bucket of water in the comer of the house.(2) there be常见的形式有：there seems to be.there happens to be.there used to be.(3) seem的归纳总结： sth.sb. seem (to be)+adj.名词好像 It seems that. 似乎，好像 It seems to sb that. 在某人看来好像 It seems as ifas though. 看起来好像(后可接虚拟语气，这可接表真实的表语从句。) It seems as if it were going to rain. 看起来好像要下雨了。(天气好得很，不会下雨。) It seems as if it is going to rain. 看起来好像要下雨了。(真的快要下雨了。) There seems (to be) 好象 练习 根据句子的意思在括号里填入适当的词。1). The child seems _ (be) healthy, but the doctor is concerned. 2). It seems to me _ there s something funny about the case.3). There doesn t seem _ (be) much hope that he ll come / of him coming. Keys: 1). to be 2). that 3). to be 2. Between the outside and inside walls of the bowl there is some jelly, which freezes hard when cooled. 在碗的内外壁中间有些果冻，当冷冻时就会变得非常硬。解释 when cooled的构成：连词+过去分词，相当于when 引导的状语从句when it is cooled 如果whenwhile引导的时间状语从句中的主语与主句的主语相同，常常可用whenwhile + 现在分词短语或者过去分词短语的结构来代替。1). When offered help, you should say “thank you” or “it s very kind of you”. = When you are offered help, you should say “thank you” or “it s very kind of you”.2). You must be careful when crossing the street.= You must be careful when you cross the street.3). Seen from the hill, the city is beautiful.= IfWhen the city is seen from the hill, the city is beautiful.4). Seeing from the hill, you call see that the whole city is beautiful.= IfWhen you see from the hill, you can see that the whole city is beautiful.练习 用括号内所提供词的适当形式填空。1). Once _ (publish), this novel will be very popular! 2). _ (tell) many times, he still couldn t understand. 3). The girls are talking excitedly, _ (follow) their teacher. Keys: 1). published 2). Having been told 3). following 3.12. .but it was not until five days later that Bell sent his first telephone message to his assistant Watson. 但是贝尔是在五天以后才跟他的助手华生通了第一次电话。该句是It is/was not until+被强调部分+that+其他结构。句中用了not .until .的强调句结构，此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是用在强调句型中，till与until可通用；另外主句中的否定词not 要提出来，放在until之前一起强调，因此that后面的从句要用肯定句，不能再用否定句。He didnt go to bed until/till his wife came back.=It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed. 直到他的妻子回来他才睡觉。温馨提示not until置于句首时，要用部分倒装句型，这时要注意从句不倒装，只倒装主句。Not until la