重读,练习在最后两段.doc

Stress （重读） Like other languages, English has a system of sounds, stress, and intonation that gives it arhythm and melody all its own. Although you may be able to pronounce each sound of the language correctly, you need to learn to recognize stress and intonation pattern when you hear them so they will be easier for you to understand. You also need to learn to use these patterns if others are to understand you more easily. 英语像其它语言一样，有它自己的一套声音、重音和语调系统形成英语独有的节奏和旋律。虽然你可能会准确地发英语的每一个音，但你在听到重音和语调时，还需要学会如何识别它们，这样你就能更容易地听懂别人所说。当然，如果你想别人更好地明白你的意思，你也需要学会如何运用这些模式。 Stress refers to the degree of force or loudness you give to a syllable in a word or to a word or words in a phrase or a sentence. Stressing a syllable indicates the importance of that syllable.Stressing a word or words in phrases or sentences indicates the importance of those words. 一个单词中的一个音节或一个句子、词组里的一个或几个单词读起来显得更有力或更响亮一些，此为重音。重读音节表示那个音节的重要性。同样，重读句子、词组里一个或几个单词也表明这些单词是重要的。 In every word of two or .more syllables, one syllable is stressed. That means that the vowel sound in that syllable is said louder, is said on a higher pitch, and is held longer than the other sounds in the same word. Other syllables are less stressed or are weak syllables. Make the vowel sound short, but pronounce the consonant sounds clearly and distinctly.在有两个或两个以上音节的所有单词中，总会有一个音节是重读的。这就是说，与其它元音相比，在念这个重读的音节里，要声音大些，音调高些，还有发音时间长一些。其它音节就少一些重音，或称弱读音节，念的时候时间短一点，但辅音发音一定要清晰。Listen to the following word groups. desert or dessert? personal or personnel? comedy or committee?Where you place the stress on a syllable can change the meaning of your word. Syllable stress in English appears to be arbitrary. Yet there are rules that can help you. As you begin to memorize the following stress patterns, its important to realize that there are many words that do not follow the patterns. Sometimes one word may fall under two possible rules. When this happens, check your dictionary for clarification.重音的不同位置能改变单词的意思。英语中的音节重音乍看好像没有什么规律，不过，还是有几条规则会对你有帮助。在开始牢记这些重音模式时，你要知道还有许多单词并不适用于这些重音模式。有的时候，一个单词会适用于两个重音模式，碰到这种情况，你就需要查字典来搞清楚究竟那个音节需要重读。Most two-syllable words in English are stressed on the first syllable. Words that come from early English origin have this pattern. Many commonly used words fall into this category.英语中的很多单词的重音都是在第一个音节。那些源于早期英语的单词就是这样。不少常用的单词也是属于这一类。better, only, over, leader, lady, hidden, careful.1. Words that have entered English from French are stressed on the last lionaire, veneer, trustee, burlesque, boutique, chauffeur.2. Noun compounds: Two or three words that have been put together to form one new word usually carry the stress on the first word.sidewalk, railroad, paycheck, airport, runway, supermarket.3. Verb compounds usually place the stress on the first word.baby-sit, housesit, cat-sit, 4. Phrasal verbs are stressed on the second word. Look out! The same expressions turned to nouns are stressed on the first word. A lookout.To pay back A pay-backTo put down A put-downTo run down A run-downTo stand by A stand-by5. Prefixes（前缀）1) The following one-syllable prefixes are usually unstressed.co- cooperatemis- mistake2) Certain one-syllable prefixes usually have secondary stress.Biology inept irresponsible malnourish unhappy rewrite3). When two-syllable prefixes form a three-syllable word, there is usually primary stress on the first syllable, followed by an unstressed syllable and secondary stress on the third syllable. When two-syllable prefixes form a word of four or more syllables, there is usually secondary stress on the first syllable, not stress on the second, and primary stress on the third. The remaining syllables are unstressed.如果双音节的前缀成为一个三音节单词的一部分，强重音通常放在第一个音节，接着第二个音节是非重音，次重音则放在第三个音节。如果双音节的前缀成为一个有四个或更多音节的单词的一部分，次重音通常放在第一个音节，而不是在第二个音节，强重音则是在第三个音节。其它的音节都是非重音。microscope multiply Counterpoint universeMicroscopic monolingual multinational universal6. Suffixes（后缀）It is important to pronounce suffixes clearly, with the proper stress. Suffixes are almostunstressed. Say the vowel sound quickly and with your mouth almost closed, but pronounce the consonant sounds in these syllables distinctly.后缀在发音时，清楚和适度的重音是很重要的。后缀差不多都是不重读的。在发后缀的音时，元音发音要快，口几乎是全闭着的，但后缀音节中的辅音发音要清晰。1)Noun Suffixes名词后缀 -ance-apher-ate-ator-ee-ence-ent-erimportancestenographergraduatesenatoremployeeoccurrencecurrentdriver2) Adjective Suffixes形容词后缀-able-al-ent-er-est-ful-1an-ible-iccapablemusicalcurrentbraverbravesthelpfulCanadiansensibleautomatic3) Verb Suffixes动词后缀-ed wanted-ing reading 4) Adverb Suffixes副词后缀-ly slowly -ally practically7. A certain group of verbs stress the second syllable while their corresponding noun forms arestressed on the first syllable.（有些单词作为动词 里重音放在第二个音节，而名词里则把重音放在第一个音节。）combatconductconflictimportinclineincreasecombatconductconflictimportinclineincreaseYour conduct is terrible.You should conduct yourself more professionally.The young boys father wouldnt permit him to get a drivers permit.There are other two-syllable verbs and nouns or adjectives spelled alike, but they do not followthis pattern. The pattern they follow is to be stressed on the same syllable, whichever thatmight be, first or second.这条规则不适用于其它一些拼写相同的双音节动词、名词或形容词，这些单词在任何时候，重音都是一样的。surprise, report, diet, 2. Stress in Phrases1. Stress the first word（重音在第一个单词）When two individual words go through the cultural process of becoming a set phrase, the original sense of each word is more or less forgotten and the new meaning completely takes over. In set phrases, the first word is stressed. Also stress the first word with Street and nationalities of food and people.English teacher, French class, White House, green house, dark room, atom bomb,Mountain climbing, police car, body building, cable car, 2. Stress the Second Word（重音在第二个单词）1) When you have an ordinary descriptive adjective-noun combination that gives new or descriptive information that just happens to be the case at that time mid could change, or a logical exception to a set phrase where the meaning is significantly changed, then the second word is stressed.English teacher (from England), French class (Gallic style), a white house (any house thathappens to be white), a green house, a dark room2) Institutions, names, place names, titles, initials, chemical compounds, colors, and numbers, the noun following a number, reflexive pronouns, personal pronouns, compound verbs and most street designations (except when combined with Street) also take the stress in the last element.Smithsonian Institution; James Brown; New York; Berkeley, California; Vice President;Secretary of State; London Times; LA; 10 percent; myself; her own; his best; their car; understand; the Fifth Avenue/ Street; Sunnybrook Lane; Sunset RoadFBI CIA VIP 3. Stress Both Words（两个单词都重读）1) When the first word is a material, ingredient or component of the second, then both words are stressed.如果第一个单词是第二个单词的原材料、成份或话，那么两词都重读。Beef stew, peach pie, brick wall, silk shirt; gold watch, rubber duck2) Both words are stressed for the possessive.In a pigs eye, a snowballs chance, a mans man, a kings ransomSet PhrasesDescriptionsMaterial & Possessives a light bulbblue jeansa goldfisha greyhoundan inn keyThe White Housea wrist watcha spider weba coffee cupa steak knifea baby bottlea thumbtacka paint brusha baseballa machine gunBand-aidfirecrackermailboxa spray cana wine glassa footprinta strawberrya fig leafan ice creama light bulbblue pantsa cold fisha gray houndan old keya white housea nice watcha sticky weba clean cupa sharp knifea baby alligatora shiny tacka stiff brusha new balla toy gunfried egga bright starMary JonesBob Smithforeign affairsdown paymentNew YorkSocial SecurityCity Halla glass bulbcanvas pantsa gold fisha clay houndan iron keya wooden housea gold watchCharlottes Weba ceramic cupa steel knifea babys bottlebrass tacksa wire brusha leather balla metal guna silk bowan iron anchora paper envelopea silver bella woolen mittena brick walla gin martinia mans mana rubber duck3. Sentence Stress When several words are spoken together in a sentence, certain words are stressed and others are spoken more softly and quickly. 由几个单词组成一个句子时，有几个单词要重读，而其它的就要念得较轻和较快。1 Most content words, nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, are stressed.Charles Jones taught English.Sharley reads aloud every day.Aunt Janet always makes long-distance calls.Jason plays basketball.2. Interrogatives words when beginning sentence are stressed: who, whose, when, where, why, what, and how.Wheres Marys school?Whys Charlie leaving?Whens Sallys party?Whos coming?3. Demonstrative pronouns when not followed by a noun are stressed: this, that, these, and those.Whats this?Thats Jessicas ball.Whyre these here?We wanted those.4. Possessive pronouns, mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs, are stressed.That tickets mine.Thiss yours.Barbara got hers.David sold his.We bought ours yesterday.They gave theirs away.5. Dont stress the articles: a, an, thea dog, an apple, the chair6. Dont stress preposition, to, from, with, in, on, through, for，over, under, etc.（介词to, from,with, in, on, through, for, by, over和under等等不重读。）for a dog, witha napple, on the chair, in the house, through the door, of a family, to the hospital,around the room, over the hill, after the concert, before the show7. Dont stress the subject pronouns: I, you, he, it, we和they不重读。）I know the lesson.You found the book on the shelf.She tells secrets to everybody.He talks on the phone too much.We eat fish on Fridays.They travel to Europe a lot.8. Dont stress the possessive pronouns: my, youre his her, our, their. (形容性物主代词her, our和their不重读。）my car, your friend, her dress, his brother, our house, their camera9. Dont stress the object pronouns: me, you, her, him, us and them.（人称代词宾格不重读I saw him.They told me.We asked er.They warned you.My dad helped us.Put them on the table.10. Dont stress the demonstrative adjectives when followed by a noun: this, that, these, and those.This book is interesting.She bought that house.We like these shoes.Those boys talk too loud.11 Dont stress forms of the verb be: am, are, is, was, were, arent, isnt, wasnt, werent.I am here.He is a tall man.They are all sick.We were in the gardenHe wasnt late.12. Dont stress the expressions there is and there are.(There is和there are不重读。）There is a car in the driveway.There is one apple in the basket.There is jewelry in that box.There are too many cars on the road.There are five people in the family.13. Dont stress “to” before a verb.He needs to work.I like to eat early.My mother loves to cook.We want to see the whole movie.14. Dont stress auxiliary verbs: am, is, are, was, were, do, does, did, have, has, had, isnt, wasnt,didnt.I am working in the house.She is talking on the phone.He was helping them.When do we start school?Why does he travel so much?Have you done your homework?Weve been working all day.Hed always told the truth.They had had a bad day.15. Dont stress modal auxiliaries: can, must, have to, should, could and would。John can come.Joe has to work.Sam shouldve leftSam shouldnve left.We would like to help.You mustnt go in the street.Kathy doesnt have to work.16. Dont stress who, whose, when, where, why，what, and how in the middle of a sentence.（在句子中间的who, whose, when, where, why, what和how不重读。）Jenny has a cousin whose name is Jack Smith.Do you know where she lives?Only Courtney knows why she said that.He didnt tell me when to come.I can figure out how to do it.17. Dont stress other short function words: and, but, or, so, not, if, as, because, whether, since, until, though, although, not, if, as, because.Mary and Bob have plenty of food, such as sandwiches, cakes, and cookies.Joe, not John, has been here since noon.Scott was worried because his wife was so late.Ill stay until he calls, then Ill leave so you can study.Although youre sick, you can eat with Jane or Sue.18. Exceptions: cant is usually stressed. When auxiliary verbs and modal auxiliaries are notfollowed by a verb, they have strong stress.She cant help him with the cooking.Ill come to the party if I can.We would lend you the car if we could.Carol has a new car, but Margaret doesnt.He doesnt know Im unhappy, but I am.Practice:The moneys in the bank.He camover to talk to me.She can helpim with the cooking.I should buy a new dress for the wedding.We could lend you our car.Ill send you a letter tomorrow.Theyre walking to the store.He didnt work because he was sick.Karen and Danny stayed until they knew whether or not Tom was coming19. Note that the meaning of a sentence changes each time when you change the stress pattern.Any word or thought group can be given extra stress to emphasize or clarify a statement.（请注意、重音模式的改变会使句子的意思也随之改变，你可以重读句子中的任何单词或意群来强调或阐明问题.)He gave her the money.（I didnt give her the money.)He gave her the money. (He didnt lend her the money) He gave her the money. (He didnt give the money to me.) He gave her the money. (He didnt give her the car.) l. I didnt say he stole the money. (Im reporting the situation. I have no opinion on this subject.)2. I didnt say he stole the money. (Its true that somebody said it, but I wasnt that person.)3. I didnt say he stole the money. (Someone has accused me and Im protesting my innocence.)4. I didnt say he stole the money. (Maybe I hinted it. Maybe I wrote it. In some way, I indicated that he stole the money, but I didnt say it.)5. I didnt say he stole the money. (I think someone stole the money, only not the person you suspect did it.)6. I didnt say he stole the money. (I agree that he took it, but I think his motive was different.)7. I didnt say he stole the money. (We agree that he sole some money, but I dont think its this money.)8. I didnt say he stole the money.(We agree that hes a thief but we think he stole different things.)What kind of movies do you prefer, science or romance?I like science and romance movies.-Whats the matter, dont you like chicken with rice?-I like chicken but I dont like rice.I didnt think you could ride a horse.I can ride a horse, just not very well.I dont think youre going to finish the work on time.Oh, yes, I will finish it on time.That isnt a new shirt, is it?Yes, it is a new shirt.Y