英美文学 名词整理.doc

英国文学史名词解释Ode 颂诗is adignified and elaborately structured lyric poem of some length, praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally. Elegy挽歌: it seeks for lament. It is a poem on death or on a serious loss; characteristically a sustained meditation expressing sorrow and, frequently, an explicit or implied consolationAnapset短短长格: a metrical foot of three syllables, the first two short, the last longCaesura 停顿a break or pause in a line of poetry, dictated by the natural rhythm of the language and sometimes enforced by punctuation. Epic史诗:Its a long narrative poem celebrating the great deeds of one or more legendary heroes, majestic in theme and style.Romance 传奇a type of literature that was popular in the Middle Ages, usually containing adventures and reflecting the spirit of chivalry. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was a great verse romance, but its author remains unknown.Alliteration押头韵 is the use in speech or writing of several words close together that all begin with the same letter or sound. Ballad民谣:It is a story in poetic form, often about tragic love and usually sung. Ballads were passed down from generation to generation by singers. The medieval ballads are ballads of Robin Hood. Coleridges The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a 19th century English ballad.Heroic couplet英雄体: They are poetry composed in iambic pentameter. In this form of poetry, lines consisting of five iambic feet rime together in pairs. The rime scheme :aabbcc .poets corner 诗人角a part of Westminster Abbey, London, which contains the tombs or monuments of some famous English poets, such as Geoffrey Chaucer and John Milton.Renaissance文艺复兴: Renaissance marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Italy in the 14thcentury and gradually spread all over Europe. The word “Renaissance” means rebirth or revival. Sonnet十四行诗:A lyric poem of fourteen lines whose ryhme scheme is fixed. The rhyme scheme in the Italian form as typified in the sonnets of Petrarch is abbaabba cdecde. Blank verse无韵诗:A poem written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.Spenserian Stanza斯宾塞诗体:Its a verse from that consists of eight iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of six iambic feet, with the rhyme scheme ababbbccdd.Enlightenment启蒙运动 :The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century. It was an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. Sentimentalism感伤主义:Sentimentalismappeared in the middle of the 18thcentury, as a reaction against commercialism and the cold rationalism. Pre-romanticism:前浪漫主义The Romantic Movement was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a renewed interest in medieval literature.-representatives -William Blake and Robert Burns Romanticism浪漫主义: Romanticism was in effect a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason, which prevailed from the days of Pope to those of Johnson. Neo-classicism新古典主义:A revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance and harmony in literature. Elegy挽歌: it seeks for lament. It is a poem on death or on a serious loss; characteristically a sustained meditation expressing sorrow and, frequently, an explicit or implied consolationRealism现实主义:A term used in literature and art to present life as it really is without sentimentalizing or idealizing it. Epigram诙谐短诗：an epigram is a brief, celver, and usually memorable statement.Allegory寓言: A story illustrating an idea or a moral principle in which objects take on symbolic meanings.Lake Poets湖畔诗人:Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey have often been mentioned as the Lake Poets because they lived in the lake district in the northwestern part of England. The three traversed the same path in politics and in poetry, beginning as radicals and closing as conservatives.Metaphysical Poetry玄学派诗歌: is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborates imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas.Humanism人文主义:it refers to the main literary trend and is the keynote of English Renaissance. Humanists took interest in human life and human activities and gave expression to the new feeling of admiration for human beauty, human achievement. Mystery play神秘剧:The Mystery plays of the Middle Ages were based on the bible and were particularly concerned with the stories of mans creation, Fall and Redemption. Iambic Pentameter五音步抑扬格:A poetic line consisting of five verse feet, which each foot an iamb_ that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry.Anapaest抑抑扬格：An anapaest, or anapest, also called antidactylus, is a metrical foot used in formal poetry. In classical quantitative meters it consists of two short syllables followed by a long one in accentual stress meters it consists of two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable.Lyric 抒情诗:A poem, brief and discontinuous, emphasizes sound and pictorial imagery rather than narrative or dramatic movement.Byronic hero拜伦式英雄:is an idealized but flawedcharacterexemplified in the life and writings ofLord Byron.Stream of consciousness意识流: a kind of writing technique in which a characters perceptions, thoughts, and memories are presented in an apparently random form, without regard for logical sequence, chronology, or syntax. Naturalism自然主义: A literary movement seeking to depict life as accurately as possible, without artificial distortions of emotion, idealism, and literary convention. It asserts that human beings exist entirely in the order of nature.Essay小说： is a short written composition that discusses a subject or proposes an argument without claiming to be a complete or thorough exposition.Gothic novel 哥德式小说：a story of terror and suspense, usually set in a gloomy old castle or monastery. Stanza 节: a division of a poem consisting of a series of lines arranged together in a recurring pattern of meter and rhyme.legend 传奇：As a song or a narrative handed down from the past, it differs from the myth on the basis of the elements of historical truth it containsCritical realism批判现实主义: is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Iamb抑扬格韵律 : a metrical foot consisting of two syllables, a short one followed by a long one kenning 隐喻语a metaphor usually composed of two words and used for description and association. poet laureate 桂冠诗人A poet honored for his artistic achievement or selected as most representative of his country or era; Symbolism(象征主义)worksunderthesurfacetotiethestorysexternalactiontothetheme.Itwasoftenproducedthroughallegory,givingtheliteraleventanditsallegoricalcounterpartaone-to-onecorrespondence The Heroic Couplet(英雄对偶句）:1)ItmeansapairoflinesofatypeoncecommoninEnglishpoetry,inotherwords,itmeansiambicpentameterrhymedintwolines.2)Therhymeismasculine.3)UseoftheheroiccoupletwasfirstpioneeredbyGeoffreyChaucer.Modernism现代主义is marked by a rejection of tradition, and an interest in new ways of doing old things. Also, there was a belief that the application of science and technology could change the world for the better.8)William Blake ( 17571827)1) LifeHe lived into the 19th century. In his lifetime, he was not considered a very important poet. Now he is universally acknowledged as one of the most important poets in English literature. His father recognized his talent and sent him to school.His visionary梦想的 experience: Classicism典范: reason, order, law, art techniquesHe believed the power of imagination. With it a poet can reach out. Blake and Burns彭斯the romantic revival复活to break away with the convention习俗，协议2) His workSongs of Innocence天真之歌delightSongs of Experience经验之歌confusion困惑They show two contrary states of human soulsLondon:I wander thro each charterd street, near where the .It is taken from The Songs of Experience. Blake apparently drew from his personal observations and gives a comprehensive综合的 picture of the many miseries, physical and spiritual, in the English capital.资本家Background: industrial revolution, the fog cityThe scene was in London, in Blakes time. The Tiger:tiger!tiger!burning bright in the forests of the night.It is from The Songs of Experience. It is one of Blakes best known poems. The apparently simple questions of curiosity and puzzlement. What imagination inspires the creator1. The image of the maker is complete. the process of creating tiger. Religions allusion暗指: lamb羊羔 The whole poem is consisted of questionsare not able to be answeredThe Chimney-Sweeper扫烟囱的孩子:a little black thing among the snow cring” weep, weep” in notes of woe!The short lyric contains chiefly the simple yet somewhat ironical speech of a boy chimney9 ) Robert Burns罗伯特。彭斯：the greatest Scottish poest.主要作品：my hearts in the highlands我的心呀在高原，John Anderson, my jo约翰。安徒生，我爱，a red, red rose一朵红红的玫瑰, to a mouse致小鼠Part VII The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期A new movement appeared in the literary area with the publication of Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌谣集by William Wordsworth威廉华兹华斯and Samul Taylor. Coleridge柯勒律治 in 1798. Coleridges chief contribution was his masterpiece The rime of the ancient mariner古舟子咏1. Historical BackgroundFrench Revolution，American Revolution，The Industrial Revolution2. Intellectual BackgroundRousseau卢梭 (17121778) the French philosopher, is generally regarded as the father of romanticism. English Romanticism: a kind of emotional outlook, an attitude towards life. Individual is the center of all life and experience, cast its eye on human being, individual, the intense强烈的 subjectivity主观性, concerned with nature, express s strong like for nature. Interest in supernatural; take an interest in the pastancient civilization represented by Greece and Rome.1832 was the year the Romantic writer Scott dies1836 was the year when Queen Victoria inherited the throne, the start of Victorian Age.The older generation: Wordsworth, ColeridgeThe younger generation: Byron拜伦, Shirley雪莱, and Keats济慈Characteristic features of the romantic movement( more can be added)(1) Subjectivism主观主义: imagination.(2) Spontaneity自发性: A work of art must be original. The role of instinct本能, intuition直觉, and the feeling of “ the heart” is stressed.(3) Singularity奇怪: Romantic poets have a strong love for the remote, the unusual, the strange, the supernatural, the mysterious, the splendid壮丽的, the picturesque生动的, and the illogical.(4) Worship of nature: (5) Simplicity: Romantic poets take to using everyday language spoken by the rustic乡村的 people. A reviva复活 of folk literature, a sense of universal brotherhood, a growing sympathy for the suffering of the people.(6) There is a dominating note of melancholy忧郁的 in the poems of the romantic poets.(7) The use of free verse formThe characteristics of Gothic novels( search from the Google)AuthorsWilliam Wordsworth (17701850)威廉。华兹华斯1. his lifeHis love for nature is boundless. To him nature means more than rivers, trees, rocks, mountains and lakes. Nature has a moral value and has its philosophical significance. Nature is for him the embodiment体现 of the Divine神圣的 Spirit. He believes the God and universe are identical同一的2,his work:大部分主题是关于nature and country life.主要有：lines composed a few miles above tintern abbey丁登寺，the prelude序曲，the excursion漫游，miscellaneous十四行诗课文节选：Tintern Abbey丁登寺It is a meditation思考 on his mental精神的 grownup成年人Selected挑选出的 reading:She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Way她住在人际罕见的路边：悼亡露西I travelled among unknown men我在陌生人中孤独旅行I wondered lonely as a cloud我好似一朵孤独的流云：its about the beauty of nature.there is vivid picture of the daffodils here, mixed with the poets philosophical and somewhat mystical thoughts.The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女：在抒情中表达了华兹华斯的自然观，具有林秀之气和音韵之美。 Soonet composed upon Westminster bridge在西敏寺桥上 Soonet :London 1802George Gordon Byron乔治。戈登。拜伦His major contribution of romantic literature is the creation of Byronic hero冷笑而浪漫的主角, a mixture of good and evil. Byron is hard to describe, moody喜怒无常, unstable, sensitive, melancholy忧郁, sad, he deliberately故意地 exile流放himself to a foreign, dared to die.The early death of the Romantic poets-image: the poet will never grow old. Poets die young. They have reached their peak. ReadingWorks: Childe Harolds pilgrimage恰尔德。哈罗尔德游记, Cain该隐，Done juan唐璜课文节选：1. She Walks in Beauty 她走在美的光彩中 This perfect beauty serves as the ideal for the poet, peace. Harmony. 和睦2，Childe Harolds pilgrimage恰尔德。哈罗尔德游记3, when we two parted想从前我们两分手4. The Isles of Greece颂希腊It is taken from “ Don Juan唐璜”. It is among Byrons most effective poetical utterance on national freedom. All the 16 stanzas节 that constituted the song are supported to have been sung by a Greek singer at the wedding feast宴会 of Don Juan and Haidee on an isle of Greece. The past glory of the Greek peopleThe present state of enslavement奴役 by the Turkey土耳其Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)珀西。比西。雪莱He was rebellious反抗的 from a very young age. He was a person of extreme personality. He wrote about the universe, lark宇宙 sky.主要作品：pamphlet：the nescessity of atheism无神论的重要性 ，Queen mab麦布女王，adonais阿多尼斯，ode to the west wind西风颂，to a sky lark致云雀课文节选：Ode to the West Wind： Ode: it is used to express the poets feelings and emotion. 在此诗中，使人抒发了对大自然的热爱，歌颂了西风摧毁旧事物，孕育新事物的精神。诗歌以“如果冬天来了，春天还会远吗”结尾。The cloud云：反映的是一个争取独立和追求幸福的人物形象。To a sky-lark致云雀：运用云雀美妙的歌声，反映诗人向往美好未来的欢乐心情，表达他渴望自己也能用同样空灵的曲调宣扬革命理想，获得世人的倾听。是诗人追求理想主义的光辉诗篇。John Keats约翰。济慈（17951821）“ A thing of beauty is a joy for ever”.他一生崇尚美，追求美。He was born in a lower class family. He abandoned medicine for poetry simply for its beauty. He is physically small. His father died when he was eight. His childhood was quite miserable. His tomb are carved:“ Here lies a one whose name is written with water.” 此地长眠者，声明水上书课文节选：On first looking into chapmans homer初读查普曼译荷马诗有感。 Ode to a nightingale夜莺颂 ode on a Grecian urn希腊古翁颂，to autumn秋颂，bright star灿烂的星Walter scott华特。司各特：欧洲历史小说之父这个时代的不同时期：the Crusades,the rise of absolute monarchy, the bourgeois revolution in England, the attempts to restore feudalism in the 18th century.十字军时期，君主专制制度的兴起，英格兰资产阶级革命，18四级欲恢复封建主义的尝试。His historical novel paved the path for the development of the realistic novel of the 19th century.他的历史小说为19世纪现实主义小说的发展铺平了道路。主要作品介绍：Waverley威弗利：establish its author as a novelist奠定了作者的小说家帝王 ， St. Ronans well圣罗南之泉 ：is the only contemporary novel among the works of scott Count robert巴黎的罗伯特伯爵： the last of scotts novels 课文节选：ivanhoe艾凡赫主要地点：cedrics ball大厅，ashby de la zouche阿什贝.德.拉.左克，isaac of york约克城，knights templar吞不拉司陀圣殿骑士院重点词汇: pilgrim朝圣者Rob roy罗布罗伊 重点句子： in the first selection francismeeting with robroy is described. The second selection vividly depicts a skirmish战斗 between the highlanders高地居民 and the englishJane AustinLiterature：乡村生活是她小说的主要题材。全部作品：northanger abbey诺桑觉寺，persuasion劝导，sense and sensibility理智与情感，pride and prejudice傲慢与偏见，mansfield park曼斯菲尔德花园and emma艾玛课文节选 ：Pride and PrejudiceThis book mainly tells of the love story between a rich, proud young man Darcy and the beautiful and intelligent Elizabeth Bennet. Mr. Bennet, a clergyman牧师 who has married young and rashly轻率地, is skeptical怀疑的 of conventional常规的 marriage and has no good words for his beautiful daughters except Elizabeth. Mrs. Bennet is a beautiful but empty-headed, snobbish粗俗的 and vulgar庸俗的 woman whose only goal in life is to marry her five daughters to rich, handsome young men.Charles lamb查尔斯。兰姆:最大成就在散文，其随笔与蒙田名声并列课文节选：Dream-children, a reverie梦中的孩子们，poor relations穷亲戚Part VIII The Victorian Age维多利亚时期Critical Realism in England英国的批判主义1. Historical BackgroundIndustrial Revolution, railways, novels provide a means to kill the time. The rising of middle class. Reading novels is becoming a sign of statues and a way of living.A typical Victorian novel is usually 400-5oo pages, lengthy长的, thick厚的.The values of Victorian AgeThe middle class, the core of the values: to be a gentleman, the pursuit of wealth achieved by self-reliance倚靠自己 through hard work. The Victorian Age (1832-1901)1. Historical backgroundThe Queen came to the throne in 1837The two Queens that the English people were proud of: Queen Elizabeth (1533-1603)Queen Victoria. The similarities between the two queens:First, both queens were on the throne for a long period of time, Queen Elizabeth being on the throne for over forty years and Queen Victoria more than sixty years. Secondly, during their long reigns England developed rapidly both politically and economically. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, capitalism first took its shape, and the small island country defeated the strong naval power Spain in 1588. During the long reign统治 of Queen Victoria., England grew from an agricultural country into an industrialized one and became the workshop工场 of the world as well as its financial and political center.Thirdly, during their reign, literature flourished. 繁荣In the age of Queen Elizabeth drama flourished and with it there was the greatest dramatist William Shakespeare whereas但是 in the age of Queen Victoria., novel flourished and with it a galaxy一群 of brilliant novelists appeared in the literary scene.The Victorian age can be roughly divided into three periods: the early period 1832-1848, a time of social unrest;( child labor, women workers, long working hours, miserable working conditions) the middle period 1848-1870, a period of economic prosperity and religious controversy论战;( social reforms , in 1851 a gigantic greenhouse of glass and iron铁 was built in Hyde Park. It was called the Crystal Palace where the Great exhibition was held. It w