英语二_强化班_阅读理解新题型义.doc

阅读理解B节第一部分 标题对应Passage OneDirections:Read the following text and answer questions by finding a subtitle for each of the marked parts or paragraphs. There are two extra items in the subtitles. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) A Follow on LinesB Whisper: Keep It to YourselfC Word of Experience: Stick to ItD Code of Success: Freed and TargetedE Efficient Work to Promote Efficient WorkersF Recipe: Simplicity Means EverythingG Efficiency Comes from OrderEvery decade has its defining self-help business book. In the 1940s it was How to Win Friends and Influence People, in the 1900s The Seven Habits of Highly Successful People. These days were worried about something much simpler: Getting Things Done. 41._Thats the title of productivity guru David Allen pithy 2001 treatise on working efficiently, which continues to resonate in this decades overworked, overwhelmed, overteched workplace. Allen hasnt just sold 500,000 copies of his book. He has preached his message of focus, discipline and creativity everywhere from Sony and Novartis to the World Bank and the U.S. Air Force. He counsels swamped chief executives on coping with information overload. He ministers to some clients with an intensive, two-day, $6,000 private session in which he and his team organize their lives from top to bottom. And he has won the devotion of acolytes who document on their blogs how his Getting Things Done (GTD) program has changed their lives.42._Allen admits that much of his basic recipe is common sense. Free your mind and productivity will follow. Break down projects and goals into discrete, definable actions, and you wont be bothered by all those loose threads pulling at your attention. First make decisions about what needs to get done, and then fashion a plan for doing it. If youve cataloged everything you have to do and all your long-term goals, Allen says, youre less likely to wake up at 3 a.m. worrying about whether youve forgotten something: “ Most people havent realized how out of control their head is when they get 300 e-mails a day and each of them has potential meaning.”43._When e-mails, phone calls and to-do lists are truly under control, Allen says, the real change begins. You will finally be able to use your mind to dream up great ideas and enjoy your life rather than just occupy it with all the things youve got to do. Allen himself, despite running a $5.5 million consulting practice, traveling 200 days a year, finds time to joyride in his Mini Cooper and sculpture.44._Few companies have embraced Allens philosophy as thoroughly as General Mills, the Minnesota-based maker of Cheerios and Lucky Charms, Allen began at the company with a couple of private coaching sessions for top executives, who raved about his guidance. Allen and his staff now hold six to eight two-day training sessions a year. The company has already put more than 2,000 employees through GTD training and plans to expand it company-wide. “Fads come and go,” says Kevin Wilde, General Mills CEO, “ but this continues to work.”45._The most fevered followers of Allens organizational methodology gather online Websites like gtdindex. marvelz. com parse Allens every utterance. The 43 Folders blog ran an eight-part pod-cast interview with him. GTD enthusiasts like Frank Meeuwsen, on gather best practice techniques for implementing the books ideas. More then 60 software tools have been built specifically to supplement Allens system.Passage TwoDirections:Read the following text and answer questions by finding a subtitle for each of the marked parts or paragraphs. There are two extra items in the subtitles. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)A Experience or material purchase: complicated happiness.B Negative purchase is not fulfilling.C Think twice before you leap.D Bad purchase experience: slow to adapt to.E Good memory vs. bad memory: which is more forgettable?F Money cant buy happiness? Not necessarily.G How materialistic are you? It makes a difference.Accumulating stuff may no longer be fashionable, as consumers look for other ways to find pleasure, such as spending more time with the family. But what if theyre wrong? What if fulfillment really could be found in buying that iPod or jewelry youve been hungering for?Consumer behavior research has found all sorts of lessons about how we shop. So its not surprising that a forthcoming study shatters some myths about materialism.41._The old saying goes “Money cant buy happiness,” but people usually mean “Material goods cant buy happiness.” Spending time with the wife and kids on a camping trip costs money, but this spending is worthwhile and pleasurable. “Most people think materialism is not a good thing,” says Joseph K. Goodman, one of the authors of the study. “They think youre not going to get happiness through possessions.” He says that the prevailing view among psychologists has long been that, experiential purchases tend to be “better” purchases than material purchases. Sometimes, being materialistic really can make you happier.42._Goodman conducted three experiments. Two experiments asked the participants to recall both material and experiential purchases, and rate how happy the purchase makes them feel. In the third, participants thought of three positive or negative purchases, and then rated them on how materialistic and how experiential those purchase were. They then rated their happiness with those purchases. Goodman found that the participants rated positive experiential purchases as more fulfilling than positive material purchases. As expected, memory seemed to favor good experiences. But when it came to purchases that participants later found regrettable, the results were turned over. “When a purchase turns out negatively, experience leads to less happiness.” Goodman says.43._Why would such bad experiences be especially negative? It turns out that we cant always get over the bad things we remember. Our most cherished memories are experiences rather than material things. Good memories stick around, so do the bad memories. “Our adaptation to negative experiences is not fast,” says Goodman. He also points out that if you buy a couch that looks bad, you will get over this easily and adapt to that faster than a terrible vacation even if that cost you less than the couch.44._But not all people feel the same way about what they buy. The study also tries to take into account people who prefer materialistic things. So Goodman gave his participants a test to determine how important materialistic values are to them. He found that the more materialistic things mattered to a person, the less those people made a distinction between material and experiential purchases. “When a positive experience happens to them, they dont seem to be any happier than with a material purchase,” says Goodman.45._So whats the lesson for the average consumer? “When you want to buy, you need to know how likely this is to turn out negatively.” says Goodman. Maybe theres a reason you dont have to make a purchase right now. if the risk of the experiential purchase turning out bad is high, you might be better spending that money on a new tangible luxury good. Hasty purchase would often result in an awkward situation afterward.第二部分 多项对应Passage OneThe world economy has run into a brick wall. Despite countless warnings in recent years about the need to address a looming hunger crisis in poor countries and a looming energy crisis worldwide, world leaders failed to think ahead. The result is a global food crisis. Wheat, corn and rice prices have more than doubled in the past two years, and oil prices have more than tripled since the start of 2004. These food-price increases combined with soaring energy costs will slow if not stop economic growth in many parts of the world and will even undermine political stability, as evidenced by the protest riots that have erupted in places like Haiti, Bangladesh and Burkina Faso. Practical solutions to these growing woes do exist, but well have to start thinking ahead and acting globally.The crisis has its roots in four interlinked trends. The first is the chronically low productivity of farmers in the poorest countries, caused by their inability to pay for seeds, fertilizers and irrigation. The second is the misguided policy in the U.S. and Europe of subsidizing the diversion of food crops to produce biofuels like corn-based ethanol. The third is climate change; take the recent droughts in Australia and Europe, which cut the global production of grain in 2005 and 2006. The fourth is the growing global demand for food and feed grains brought on by swelling populations and incomes. In short, rising demand has hit a limited supply, with the poor taking the hardest blow.So, what should be done? Here are three steps to ease the current crisis and avert the potential for a global disaster. The first is to scale-up the dramatic success of Malawi, a famine-prone country in southern Africa, which three years ago established a special fund to help its farmers get fertilizer and high-yield seeds. Malawis harvest doubled after just one year. An international fund based on the Malawi model would cost a mere $10 per person annually in the rich world, or $10 billion in all. Such a fund could fight hunger as effectively as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria is controlling those diseases.Second, the U.S. and Europe should abandon their policies of subsidizing the conversion of food into biofuels. The U.S. government gives farmers a taxpayer-financed subsidy of 51cents per gal of ethanol to divert corn from the food and feed-grain supply. There may be a case for biofuels produced on lands that do not produce foods tree crops (like palm oil), grasses and wood products but theres no case for doling out subsidies to put the worlds dinner into the gas tank. Third, we urgently need to weatherproof the worlds crops as soon and as effectively as possible. For a poor farmer, sometimes something as simple as a farm pond which collects rainwater to be used for emergency irrigation in a dry spell can make the difference between a bountiful crop and a famine. The world has already committed to establishing a Climate Adaptation Fund to help poor regions climate-proof vital economic activities such as food production and health care but has not yet acted upon the promise.A poor countries41 Anti-hunger campaigns are successful inB all the world42 Production of biofuels is subsidized inC the Climate Adaptation Fund43 Protest riots occurred inD the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria44 The efforts were not so successful withE Bangladesh45 Food shortage becomes more serious inF MalawiG the US and EuropePassage TwoDirections:Read the following text and answer questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Most people may drink only two liters of water a day, but they consume about 3,000 liters a day if the water that goes into their food is taken into account. The rich gulp down far more, since they tend to eat more meat, which takes far more water to produce than grains. So as the worlds population grows and incomes rise, farmers will need a great deal more water to keep everyone fed: 2,000 more cubic kilometers a year by 2030, according to the International Water Management Institute (IWMI). Yet in many farming regions, water is scarce and likely to get scarcer as global warming worsens. The world is facing not so much a food crisis as a water crisis, argues Colin Chartres, IWMIs director-general.The solution, Mr. Chartres and others contend, is more efficient use of water or, as the sloganeers put it, “more crop ere drop”, Some 1.2 billion people live in places that are short of water. Farming accounts for roughly 70% of human water consumption. So when water starts to run out, farming tends to offer the best potential for thrift. But governments rarely charge farmers a market price for water. So they are usually mare wasteful than other consumers even though the value they create from the water is often less than households or industry would be willing to pay for it.The pressing need is to make water go further. Antoine Frerot, the head of the water division of Veolia Environment, promotes recycling of city wastewater to be used in industry or agriculture. This costs less and cuts pollution.Yet as Mr. Frerot himself concedes, there are many even cheaper ways to save water. As much as 70% of water used by farmers never gets to crops, perhaps lost through leaky irrigation channels or by draining into rivers or groundwater. Investment in drip irrigation, or simply repairing the worst leaks, could bring huge savings.Farmers in poor countries can usually afford such things only if they are growing cash crops, says David Molden of IWMI. Even basic kit such as small rainwater tanks can be lacking. Ethiopia, for example, has only 38 cubic meters of storage capacity per inhabitant, compared to almost 5,000 in Australia. Yet modest water storage can hugely improve yields in rain-fed agriculture, by smoothing over short dry spells. Likewise, pumping water into natural aquifers for seasonal storage tends to be much cheaper than building, a big dam, and prevents the great waste of water through evaporation.Agronomists are beginning to devise tools to help monitor the efficiency of water use. Some have designed algorithms that use satellite data on surface temperatures to calculate the rate at which plants are absorbing and transpiring water. That allows governments and development agencies to concentrate their efforts on the most prodigal areas.Raising yields does not always involve greater water consumption, especially when farms are inefficient. It would take little extra water to double cereal output in many parts of Africa, Mr. Molden argues. IWMI reckons that some three-quarters of the extra food the world needs could be provided simply by bringing yields in poor countries closer to those of rich ones. That is more realistic than the absolute alternative; giving up meat and other thirsty products altoghther.A cultivating cash crops41. The world is meeting with challenges more fromB leaking irrigation system42. Farmers waste more water due toC expenses and efficiency43. Farmers in poor countries can pay for irrigation improvement byD surface temperature data44. Building big dams is less effective for theirE low water price45. The water use rate of plants is computed withF water shortageG food crisis第三部分 正误判断Passage OneDirections:Read the following text and answer questions by deciding each of the statements after the text is True of False. Choose T if the statement is true or F if the statement is not true. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A Tree Project Helps the Genes of Champions Live OnAs an eagle wheels overhead against a crystalline blue sky, Martin Flanagan walks toward a grove of towering cottonwood trees beside the Yellowstone River, which is the color of chocolate milk due to the spring rain.As Mr. Flanagan leaves the glaring sun of the prairie and centers the shady grove, his eyes search for a specific tree. As he reaches a narrow-leaf cottonwood, a towering giant, he cranes his neck to look at the top, “This is the one I plan to nominate for state champion,” he says, petting the bark with his hand. “Its a beauty, isnt?”When Europeans first came to North America, one of the largest primeval forests in the world covered much of the continent. Experts say a squirrel could have traveled from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River without touching the ground. But only about 3 percent of Americas native old-growth forest remains, and many of the trees they hold are those that were not big enough to attract a loggers eye. The result is a generation of trees that barely resemble the native forests that once covered the country.That makes some scientists suspect that the surviving forests have lost much of their genetic quality, the molecular muscle that made them dominate the landscape. When the loggers swept through, these scientists say, only poor specimens were left to reproduce. Other researchers wonder whether environmental factors or just plain luck may explain a good part of the supertrees success.To answer those questions, the mightiest trees of their types, or genetically identical offspring, must be preserved for study, and that is what is being done by a handful of enthusiasts, including Mr. Flanagan and David Milarch, a nurseryman from Copemish, Michigan. They are searching out the largest tree of each species and taking cuttings of new growth to make copies of genetic clones of the giants. With tissue culture and grafting, they have reproduced 52 of the 827 living giants and are planting the offspring in what they call “living libraries.” More than 20,000 offspring have been planted.The work is part of the Champion Tree Project, which began in 1996 with financial help from the National Tree Trust, a nonprofit group in Washington.“Those big trees a